SEXUALITY

1. SEXUALITY

2. Attaching Meaning to Sex: Why? • Humans attach meaning to everything • Think about purpose of sex • Encourage some forms of sex and outlaw others • Research sexuality • Sexuality is a theme found throughout society • Although almost all engage in sex, it’s a taboo to discuss • What comes to mind when you look at the pictures? Why can’t you talk about it? I love Mr. Schmidt, but don’t tell anyone!

3. SEX AND THE BODY • SEX • THE BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN FEMALES AND MALES • IF MALE PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE, WHICH TRIGGERS DEVELOPMENT OF MALE GENITALS • PRIMARY SEXUAL TRAITS • GENITALS • ORGANS USED FOR REPRODUCTION • SECONDARY SEXUAL TRAITS • MUSCLE MASS FOR MEN/FATTY TISSUE FOR WOMEN • AMOUNT OF BODY HAIR GREATER FOR MEN • TONALITY OF VOICE DEEPER FOR MEN ODD COMBINATION

4. NOT SO CLEAR-CUT • HERMAPHRODITES • POSSESSING SOME COMBINATION OF FEMALE AND MALE GENITALIA • Navajo in awe of hermaphrodites, because see in them the full potential of both the female and male • TRANSSEXUALS • PEOPLE WHO FEEL EMOTIONALLY LINKED TO ONE SEX, BUT ARE BIOLOGICALLY TIED TO THE OTHER • FEELING OFTEN EXPRESSED IS THAT SUCH A PERSON IS “TRAPPED IN THE WRONG BODY” • SHE-MALES • MEN WHO DRESS AND LIVE THEIR LIVES AS FEMALES, BUT WHO DO NOT UNDERGO SEX REASSIGNMENT • SEX REASSIGNMENT • SURGICAL PROCEDURE THAT CHANGES THE SEX OF A PERSON

5. CULTURAL ISSUES • BECAUSE HUMAN BIOLOGY DOES NOT DICTATE ANY SPECIFIC WAYS OF BEING SEXUAL • SEXUAL PRACTICES ARE LINKED TO CULTURAL TRADITIONS • APPROACHES AND POSITIONS • People in South Sea laugh when missionaries told them couples in US have sex face to face (missionary position) • NOTIONS OF MODESTY FOR WOMEN CAUGHT OFF GUARD • Islamic woman covers her face/Samoan woman covers navel • RESTRICTIONS PLACED UPON OPENNESS • Americans kiss in public and Chinese only kiss in private • THE INCEST TABOO • FOUND IN EVERY SOCIETY • THE NORM FOBIDDING SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN RELATIVES • ONLY HUMANS OBSERVE THE INCEST TABOO • LAWS • SEXUAL MORALITY DICTATED BY STATE GOVERNMENT BODIES • STATE ANTI-SODOMY LAWS • LAWS BAN HOMOSEXUALITY (North Dakota)

7. Sexual Revolution Begins • The Roaring Twenties • Men/Women live apart from families and meet in the workplace • Alfred Kinsey published first study of sexuality in US (1948 and 1953) • Revealed people in US less conventional about sexual matters than thought

8. CLOSING THE DOUBLE STANDARD

9. Alfred Kinsey • Started, what became known as, the sexual revolution. • Published the first study of sexuality in the U.S. in 1948 (two books 1948 and 1953). • It wasn’t the content that really shocked people; it was the fact that scientists were studying sex. • The books created a new openness toward sexuality. • Yes, they were best sellers!

10. THE REVOLUTION • THE LATE 1960’S • THE REVOLUTION HAD COME OF AGE • GENERAL ATTITUDES CHANGED WITH THE BABY BOOMERS • MARRIED OR NOT, SEX IS A PART OF EVERYONE’S LIFE • THE PILL IN 1960 = CONVENIENCE AND MORE SEX • IT CHANGED THE BEHAVIORS OF THE SEXES • PREMARITAL SEX • MEN AND WOMEN ARE ALMOST EQUAL IN THE PERCENT REPORTING ENGAGING IN PREMARITAL SEX • PREMARITAL SEX IS BROADLY ACCEPTED AMONG AMERICA’S YOUNG • 76% OF MEN & 66% OF WOMEN HAD PREMARITAL SEX BY THEIR SENIOR YEAR IN HIGH SCHOOL (THOSE BORN IN THE 1970’s)

11. HOW WE VIEW PREMARITAL AND EXTRAMARITAL SEX

12. THE REVOLUTION • SEX AMONG ADULTS • 1/3RD HAVE SEX A FEW TIMES A YEAR OR NOT AT ALL • 1/3RD HAVE SEX ONCE TO A FEW TIMES A MONTH • 1/3RD HAVE SEX WITH A PARTNER TWO OR MORE TIMES A WEEK • MARRIED PEOPLE REPORT THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL SATISFACTION WITH THEIR PARTNERS • EXTRAMARITAL/ADULTERY SEX • 75% OF MEN AND 90% OF WOMEN REMAIN FAITHFUL DURING THE MARRIAGES • THE COUNTERREVOLUTION • THE CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT THAT IS OFTEN TIED TO “TRADITIONAL FAMILY VALUES” • CONSERVATIVE CALL FOR A RETURN TO FAMILY VALUES (SEXUAL RESPONSIBILTY) • DID NOT CHANGE THE IDEA TO DECIDE WHEN AND WITH WHOM TO HAVE SEX

13. The Truth About Sexuality in America • Based on the data, it appears abstinence only is not working for the majority. • Does the data mean sex before marriage is acceptable? • Does it appear that teaching abstinence only is pointless? • It’s time to review the statistical ramifications of having a child while in high school. • The following info logically demonstrates the importance of not putting your future at risk by having sex too soon in life. • The only full-proof plan is abstinence only!

15. Poverty

16. ROOTS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION • MOUNTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION • SEXUAL ORIENTATION MAY NOT BE A “CHOICE” • CANNOT DISCOUNT SOCIAL INFLUENCES • IF LEARNED, THEN CAN IT BE UNLEARNED? • HETEROSEXUALITY-the norm in all societies • “HETERO:” THE OTHER OF TWO • HOMOSEXUALITY-exists in every society • “HOMO:” THE SAME • HOMOPHOBIA: AN IRRATIONAL FEAR • BISEXUALITY • STRONG ATTRACTION TO BOTH SEXES • ASEXUALITY • NO SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO PEOPLE OF EITHER SEX

17. SEXUAL ORIENTATION CONTINUUM Most people actually have some degree of sexual attraction to both sexes!! If you don’t think this is true, then why do you get upset if your significant other is talking to an individual of the opposite sex? Are you jealous? If so, why? Is it based on their looks? You’re judging!!

18. SEXUAL ATTRACTION DIFFERS FROM SEXUAL BEHAVIOR • MANY EXPERIENCE ATTRACTION TO THOSE OF SAME SEX • FEW ACTUALLY EXPERIENCE SAME-SEX BEHAVIOR • CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ENCOURAGE INACTION • ANCIENT GREEK UPPER-CLASS MEN CONSIDERED HOMOSEXUALITY THE HIGHEST FORM OF RELATIONSHIPS • WOMEN CONSIDERED INFERIOR • “REAL” MEN PREFERRED HOMOSEXUALITY

19. SEXUAL ORIENTATION:A PRODUCT OF SOCIETY • People construct a set of meanings that allows them to make sense of sexuality • No distinct category of people called “homosexuals” • Simply started labeling people (created a standard) • Is sexuality of product of “NURTURE”? • Is sexual preference learned? • Can an individual learn to be gay?

20. SEXUAL ORIENTATION:A PRODUCT OF BIOLOGY • Simon LeVay (1993) linked sexual orientation to the structure of the human brain • Hypothalamus different in homo/heterosexuals, which regulates hormones • Genetics also plays a part in sexuality • 33 out of 44 pairs of brothers had unique genetic patterns on the X chromosome • Gay brothers had unusually high number of gay male relatives-only on mother’s side, the source of the X chromosome • Is there a “gay gene” and/or a gay brain? • Is sexuality a product of “NATURE”?

21. MEASURING SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HOW MANY ARE GAY? Ages 18-59 by percent 9.1 Reporting any Homosexual Activity 4.3 7.1 Homosexual Activity Prior to Puberty 3.8 2.8 Claiming a Homosexual Identity 1.4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Men Women Laumann et al., (1994) in Macionis "Sociology," 6th edition. 1997

22. ATTITUDES TOWARD HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONS • Less than 1% of adults describe themselves as bisexual • Bisexual experiences common among young people • Especially those on college campuses

23. CONTROVERSIES • TEEN PREGNANCY • HIGHEST RATES OF ALL INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS • INCREASED RATES OF SEX EDUCATION COURSES IN SCHOOLS • PORNOGRAPHY • ANY MATERIAL THAT CAUSES SEXUAL AROUSAL • DIFFICULTIES WITH DEFINING WHAT IS AND WHAT IS NOT MORAL IN COMMUNITIES • LINKED TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (OBJECTS NOT PEOPLE)? • MORE BARK THAN BITE • 60% OF ADULTS BELIEVE SEXUAL MATERIAL CAUSES MORAL BREAKDOWNS • 50% OF ADULTS BELIEVE PORNOGRAPHY ENCOURAGES RAPE • IF WE ARE SO AGAINST, WHY IS IT A $10 BILLION INDUSTRY?

24. BIRTHS TO TEENAGE WOMEN • 1,000,000 TEEN PREGNANCYS IN U.S. • M0ST PREGRANT TEENAGERS ARE NOT MARRIED (½ GET AN ABORTION) 22% 15%

25. TEENAGE PREGNANCY RATES ACROSS THE US

27. Controversy and Debate: When should the Law Allow a Women to Choose Abortion?

28. PROSTITUTION • THE SELLING OF SEXUAL SERVICES, OFTEN TABBED AS THE “WORLD’S OLDEST PROFESSION” • SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TIES • STRONGEST IN COUNTRIES WHERE • WOMEN’S STATUS IS LOW • WOMEN’S ROLES ARE DEVALUED • OPPORTUNITIES ARE RESTRICTED • A “VICTIMLESS CRIME?” • TYPES OF PROSTITUTION • “CALL GIRLS” • WORKERS IN CONTROLLED PALORS • “STREET WALKERS”

29. Prostitution in Global Perspective

30. A CULTURE OF RAPE • SOME WOMEN BELIEVE THAT A “RAPE CULTURE” EXISTS IN AMERICA AND IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD: • RAPE • DATE RAPE (OR ACQUAINTANCE RAPE) • A VIOLENT ACT THAT USES SEX TO HURT, HUMILIATE, OR CONTROL ANOTHER PERSON • FORCIBLE SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY MEN THEY KNOW • MARITAL RAPE • RAPE THAT TAKES PLACE BETWEEN MARRIED PARTNERS • MYTHS ABOUT RAPE • RAPE INVOLVES STRANGERS • WOMEN PROVOKE THEIR ATTACKERS • RAPE IS SIMPLY SEX • WHAT DO YOU THINK A MAN THINKS ABOUT WHEN HE IS STARING AT A WOMAN?

31. RAPE WOMEN WERE CONSIDERED PROPERTY, SO THEY CAN NOT BE RAPED BY THEIR HUSBAND • WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE INJURED BY AN EX-PARTNER OR CURRENT FAMILY MEMBER THAN TO BE MUGGED OR RAPED BY A STRANGER OR HURT IN AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT • MONTANA AND CINCINNATI USE CHEMICAL CASTRATION • INJECT DEPO-PROVERA TO REDUCE SEX DRIVE • MARY KAY LETOURNEAU • TEACHER CHARGED WITH SECOND-DEGREE RAPE OF HER 6th GRADER • SHE HAD BOTH OF THE BOY’S CHILDREN

32. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM • NEED TO REGULATE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR TO KEEP SOCIETY ORGANIZED • Sexual freedom would threaten family life (raising kids) • No society is willing to permit complete sexual free choice in sexual partners (destroy kinship and relationships) • Controlling birth allowed for sex to become a form of intimacy and recreation • LATENT FUNCTION: THE CASE OF PROSTITUTION • Why is prostitution widespread despite efforts to control it • Trouble forming relationships, people who are unattractive, & limited access to sex • Stabilize loveless marriages • CRITICAL EVALUATION • Does not take in to effect that sexual ideas and practices differ greatly • Sexual patterns change over time

33. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION • THE SOCIAL CONSTURCTION OF SEXUALITY • Process of reality construction is highly variable (sexuality viewed differently) • VIRGINITY BEFORE MARRIAGE CHANGED (BIRTH CONTROL) • No effective birth control, so virginity was the only way to ensure women not caring a child • Those born between 1963-1974 • 16.3% men and 20.1% women virgins when first married • Don’t want kids to have sex, but must educate them about sex • CRITICAL EVALUATION • Men more likely to see women in sexual terms than vise versa

34. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE SOCIAL-CONFLICT • REFLECTION OF HOW SEXUALITY REFLECTS PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND HELPS CREATE INEQUALTY • Police likely to arrest: • Less powerful female prostitutes than client • Street walkers-least income & more likely to be a minority-higher rate of arrests • Would fewer women be involved in prostitution if they had same economic opportunities as men? • SEXUALITY IS AT THE ROOT OF INEQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN • Women devalued as objects • Greek word “porne” = a man’s sexual slave • Most people watching porne are men • Supports the idea that women seek to please men • Sexuality depicted in terms of sport (men “scoring” and running the “bases”) • Terms for sex and violence used interchangeably • Slamming, banging, hitting on, nailing, hammering

35. Social-Conflict Continued SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE • FEMINIST THEORY • SEXUALITY MAY ULTIMATELY LEAD TO THE DEGRADATION OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY • QUEER THEORY • CHALLENGING THE HETEROSEXUAL BIAS IN SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIETY • Adding a voice for gays • HETEROSEXISM • A view stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as “queer” • Heterosexuals domination over homosexuals • It is widely tolerated and somewhat supported by law • Military can not discharge a woman for “acting like a woman”, but if she is a sexually active lesbian she can be discharged • When something is defined as “sexy” it is from a heterosexual point of view • CRITICL EVALUATION • Sex is not a power issue for everyone (brings people closer) • Sexual inequality has decreased • At least in public men do not usually describe women as objects

36. “THE RULE OF FATHERS” A FORM OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN WHICH MALES DOMINATE FEMALES • MATRIARCHY • SOCIAL DOMINANCE BY WOMEN • SEXISM • BELIEF THAT ONE SEX OR THE OTHER IS INNATELY INFERIOR OR SUPERIOR • UNTOLD LOSSES WHEN CONSIDERING HOW MUCH TALENT HAS BEEN LOCKED OUT • INEVITABILITY OF PATRIARCHY • IS BIOLOGY DESTINY? SHOULD WOMEN RULE?