ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

1. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and CHEP2000

2. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and Petteri NieminenESA/ESTEC XMM analysis: E. Daly1, H. Evans1, S. Giani2, F. Lei3, R. Nartallo1, J. Sørensen1, P.R. Truscott3Space-specific C. Ferguson4, R. Gurriaran4, F. Lei3, modules: P.R. Truscott3Low-E extensions: J. Apostolakis2, S. Chauvie5, S. Giani2, V. Ivantchenko6, V. Lefébure1,2, M. Maire7, M.G. Pia2,8, L. Urban2,9 1) ESA/ESTEC (NL) 4) Univ. Southampton (UK) 7) LAPP (F)2) CERN (CH) 5) Univ. Torino (I) 8) INFN Genova (I)3) DERA (UK) 6) Budker Inst. For Nuclear Physics (RUS) 9) KFKI (HUN) CHEP2000

3. Anomalous cosmic rays Galactic and extra-galactic cosmic rays Jovian electrons (Neutrinos) Solar X-rays Trapped particles Induced emission Solar flare neutrons and g-rays Solar flare electrons, protons, and heavy ions

4. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Simulation “agenda”: • Spacecraft and instrument shielding properties • Detector background effects in astrophysical observatories (including from radioactive decay) • Single Event Effects and total dose in sensitive components • 3-D spacecraft design and radiation response verification • Mineralogical surveys of asteroids and moons by induced X-ray line emission • Astronaut hazards: radiation effects at cellular and DNA level CHEP2000

5. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Delayed radioactivity General purpose source particle module INTEGRAL and other science missions Low-energy e-m extensions Particle source and spectrum Geological surveys of asteroids Sector Shielding Analysis Tool CAD tool front-end Instrument design purposes Dose calculations CHEP2000

6. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section X-Ray Surveys of Asteroids and Moons Cosmic rays, jovian electrons Solar X-rays, e, p Geant3.21 ITS3.0, EGS4 Courtesy SOHO EIT Geant4 Induced X-ray line emission: indicator of target composition (~100 mm surface layer) C, N, O line emissions included CHEP2000

7. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Low-E e-m models (electrons and photons) CHEP2000

8. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Low-E e-m models (protons and ions) Applications in the medical field, astrophysics, fundamental physics,... CHEP2000

9. X-ray Multi-Mirror mission(XMM) X-ray detectors(CCDs) Telescope tube • Launch December 1999 • Perigee 7000 km, apogee 114000 km •  Flight through the radiation belts • Chandra X-ray observatory, with similar orbit, experienced unexpected degradation of CCDs • Possible effects on XMM? Mirrors Baffles CHEP2000

10. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated. 30 mm Si  ~1.5 MeV p+ 2 mm 30 mm 2 mm 30 mm Active layerPassive layer “Electron deflector” Low-E (~100 keV to few MeV), low-angle (~0°-5°) proton scattering:Obscure problem; not much analysed CHEP2000

11. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section RGS EPIC Q2 Q1 Q1 CHEP2000

12. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section 1-D simulations vs. experimental data Experimental data courtesy of Columbia University1 • Grating “saw-tooth” surface not modelled  correction of ~0.7° • Beam width ~5 mm, simulated beam 1-D 1 Rasmussen, A. et al., Proton Scattering off of XMM optics: XMM Mirror and RGS grating samples, XMM project documentRGS-COL-CAL-99009, Nov. 4 1999 CHEP2000

13. full-scale simulations W Source(restricted isotropic) CHEP2000

14. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section SSAT analysis of the XMM baffle  q  Direct line of sight from the baffle to the focal plane;increases the overall proton transmission efficiency  CHEP2000

15. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section full-scale simulations Mirror efficiency Scattered Directtransmission CHEP2000

16. EPIC RGS ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section full-scale simulations EPIC and RGS efficiencies EPIC RGS EPIC RGS CHEP2000

17. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) Aluminum Tantalum Silicon (detectors) e- - Mass (2.5 kg)- Volume (2 l)- Power 2.6 W e- p+ D1 D2 Optimised Al-Ta “Sandwich structure”. Original design by Geant3.21 simulations - Electrons > 0.5 MeV- Protons > 10 MeV- Heavy ions qualitatively Further miniaturisation underway  CHEP2000

18. International Space Station INTEGRAL FIRST PROBA Rosetta Mars Express ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Missions with SREM... CHEP2000

19. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section Interactions of radiation with biological systems at cellular and DNA level a, C, Fe, ... • New Geant4 -based activity in the ESA General Studies Programme • Biological and chemical factors... • Contractor INFN Genova; network of 20 scientists at INFN, CERN, ESA, and the Italian National Institute for Cancer Research • Heavy ions particularly harmful Astronaut safety, exobiology CHEP2000

20. ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section and Conclusions • ESA has sponsored the development of a set of space-specific modules Geant4; these will be out by March 2000 • Geant4 low-energy electromagnetic models for photons and electrons down to 250 eV; for protons and ions to ~1 keV; ongoing work also on antiprotons • Complex test case XMM has shown the versatility of the toolkit • Being a member in the Geant4 Collaboration offers significant benefits for ESA • Wide user community in space applications foreseen CHEP2000