AP Physics Chapter 5 Work and Energy

1. AP Physics Chapter 5Work and Energy

2. Chapter 5: Work and Energy 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy 5.4 Potential Energy 5.5 The Conservation of Energy 5.6 Power

3. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives Work and the Work-energy Theorem • Students will understand the definition of work, including when it is positive, negative, or zero, so they can: • Calculate the work done by a specified constant force on an object that undergoes a specified displacement. • Relate the work done by a force to the area under a graph of force as a function of position, and calculate this work in the case where the force is a linear function of position. • Use the scalar product operation to calculate the work performed by a specified constant force F on an object that undergoes a displacement in a plane.

4. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives Work and the Work-energy Theorem • Students will understand and be able to apply the work-energy theorem, so they can: • Calculate the change in kinetic energy or speed that results from performing a specified amount of work on an object. • Calculate the work performed by the net force, or by each of the forces that make up the net force, on an object that undergoes a specified change in speed or kinetic energy. • Apply the theorem to determine the change in an object’s kinetic energy and speed that results from the application of specified forces, or to determine the force that is required in order to bring an object to rest in a specified distance.

5. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives Forces and Potential Energy • Students will understand the concept of potential energy, so they can: • Write an expression for the force exerted by an ideal spring and for the potential energy of a stretched or compressed spring. • Calculate the potential energy of one or more objects in a uniform gravitational field.

6. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives Conservation of Energy • Students will understand the concept of mechanical energy and of total energy, so they can: • Describe and identify situations in which mechanical energy is converted to other forms of energy. • Analyze situations in which an object’s mechanical energy is changed by friction or by a specified externally applied force. • Students will understand conservation of energy, so they can: • Identify situations in which mechanical energy is or is not conserved. • Apply conservation of energy in analyzing motion of systems of connected objects, such as an Atwood’s machine. • Apply conservation of energy in analyzing the motion of objects that move under the influence of springs.

7. Chapter 5: Learning Objectives Power • Students will understand the definition of power, so they can: • Calculate the power required to maintain the motion of an object with constant acceleration (e.g., to move an object along a level surface, to raise an object at a constant rate, or to overcome friction for an object that is moving at a constant speed.) • Calculate the work performed by a force that supplies constant power, or the average power supplied by a force that performs a specified amount of work.

8. Homework for Chapter 5 • Read Chapter 5 • HW 5.A : p. 165 3, 6-11, 16. • HW 5.B: p. 167: 19-26, 28, 31. • HW 5.C: pp.167-168: 32, 34, 38-40, 45-52. • HW 5.D: p.168: 60-64, 66, 67, 70. • HW 5.E: p.170: 72,73,75-81.

9. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force

10. Physics Daily WarmUps # 76 Warmup: Work, Work, Work! The quantity work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object multiplied by the distance through with the force is applied. This means that if no displacement of the object occurs, no work is done on the object even though the force applied may be quite large. Reference to the work we do is a large part of our daily conversation. We all have opinions as to which jobs require more of less work. However, this common usage of the word work does not always match up with the physics definition. Use the column on the left to arrange the list of jobs in order of hardest work to easiest in your opinion. Use the column on the right to arrange them in order of most work to least work according to physics. furniture mover package delivery driver store clerk accountant

11. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force • Definition: Work done by a constant force is equal to the product of the magnitudes of the displacement and the component of the force parallel to the displacement. • W = (F cosӨ)d, where • F is the magnitude of the force vector • d is the magnitude of the displacement vector • Ө is the angle between the two vectors (Warning – this angle is not necessarily measured from the horizontal) • When the angle is zero, cosӨ = 1, and W = F·d • When the angle is 180°, cosӨ = -1 and W = - F·d (yes, negative work!) • example: the force of brakes to slow down a car. • Although force and displacement are vectors, work is a scalar quantity. • The SI unit of work is the N·m, which is called a joule (J).

12. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force d d

13. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force For a constant force in the same direction as the displacement, W = Fd. For a constant force at an angle to the displacement, W = (FcosӨ) d If there is no displacement, no work is done: W = 0.

14. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force Example 1: A 500 kg elevator is pulled upward by a constant force of 5,500 N for a distance of 50.0 m. a) Find the work done by the upward force. b) Find the work done by the gravitational force. c) Find the work done by the net force (the net work done on the elevator). Solution: Given: Fup = 5,500 N w = mg = (500 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 4,900 N d = 50.0 m Unknown: a) Wup b) Wgrav c) Wnet • a) The displacement is upward and the upward force is (of course) upward, so the angle between them is zero. Therefore, • Wup = (F cosӨ) d = (Fupcos 0°) d = (5,500 N)(1)(50.0m) = 2.75 x 105 J • The angle between displacement and the gravitational force (weight vector) is 180°. • So, Wgrav = (w cos 180°) d = (4,900 N)(-1)(50.0 m) = -2.45 x 105 J • The work done by the net force is equal to the net work done on the elevator. • Wnet = Wup + Wgrav = 2.75 x 105 J + (-2.45 x 105 J) = 3.0 x 104 J • Note: Wnet is also equal to Wnet = (FnetcosӨ) d, where Fnet = F - w Fup d w (weight)

15. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force • The work done by a force is equal to the area under the curve in a force vs. position graph. • Example 2: A force moves an object in the direction of the force. The graph shows the force versus the object’s position. Find the net work done when the object moves • a) from 0 to 2.0 m • b) from 2.0 to 4.0 m • c) from 4.0 to 6.0 m • d) from 0 to 6.0 m • Solution: • Work done is equal to the area under the curve. • The area under the curve from 0 to 2.0 m is a triangle. The area is • ½ (base x height), so W0-2 = ½ (2.0 m - 0)(20 N) = 20 J • The area under the curve is W2-4 = (4.0 m – 2.0 m)(20 N) = 40 J • The area under the curve is W4-6 = ½ (6.0 m – 4.0 m)(20 N) = 20 J • The sum of the areas is W0-2 + W2-4 + W4-6 = 20 J + 40 J + 20 J = 80 J F (N) 30 20 10 0 s (m) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

16. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

17. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

18. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

19. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

20. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

21. 5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force: Check for Understanding

22. Homework for Section 5.1 • HW 5.A : p. 165 3, 6-11,16.

23. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force

24. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force • Forces that do work are not always constant. • example: To move a sofa, you push harder and harder until you can overcome static friction. • example: Stretching or compressing a spring. • As the spring gets stretched (or compressed) farther and farther, the restoring force of the spring (the force that opposes stretching) gets greater and greater. • The applied force is directly proportional to the change in length of the spring from its unstretched length. • The spring constant, k, describes the stiffness of the spring. • The resulting equation is known as Hooke’s Law: Fs = -kx • The minus sign indicates the spring force is opposite to the direction of displacement.

25. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force • Spring Force • An applied force F stretches the spring, and the spring exerts an equal and opposite force Fs on the hand. • The magnitude of the force depends on the change in the spring’s length. This is often referenced to the position of a mass on the end of the spring.

26. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force • The work done by an external force in stretching or compressing a spring (overcoming the spring force) is • W = ½ kx2 • where x is the stretch or compression distance and k is the spring constant. F F = kx work = area under the curve area of the triangle = ½ (base x height) work = ½ (x)(kx) = ½ kx2 slope = k x

27. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force The reference position xo is chosen for convenience. • xo may be chosen to be at the end of the spring in its unloaded position. b) xo may be at the equilibrium position when a mass is suspended on a spring. This is convenient when the mass oscillates up and down on the spring.

28. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force • Example: • A spring of spring constant 20 N/m is to be compressed by 0.10 m. • What is the maximum force required? • What is the work required? • Solution: • Given: k = 20 N/m x = -0.10 m • Unknown: a) Fs(max) b) W • From Hooke’s law, the maximum force corresponds to the maximum compression. • Fs(max) = -kx = -(20 N/m)(-0.10 m) = 2.0 N • b) W = ½ kx2 = ½ (20 N/m)(-0.10 m)2 = 0.10 J

29. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force: Check for Understanding 4 3 2 1

30. 5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force

31. Homework for Section 5.2 • HW 5.B: p. 167: 19-26, 28, 31.

32. The Work Energy Theorem5.3 Kinetic Energy5.4 Potential Energy

33. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy v = velocity

34. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy

35. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy • Example: • An object hits a wall and bounces back with half of its original speed. What is the ratio of the final kinetic energy to the initial kinetic energy? • Solution: • Given: v = vo/2 • Unknown: K/Ko • Ko = 1/2 mvo2 and K = ½ mv2 = ½ m (vo/2)2 = ¼ (1/2 mvo2) • So, K/ Ko = 1/4

36. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy • The work-energy theorem offers a convenient way to solve kinematics and dynamics problems. • Example: • The kinetic friction force between a 60.0 kg object and a horizontal surface is 50.0 N. If the initial speed of the object is 25.0 m/s, what distance will it slide before coming to a stop? • Given: m = 60.0 kg vo = 25.0 m/s v = 0 fk = 50.0 N • Unknown: d • The kinetic friction force fk is the only unbalanced force and the angle between the friction force and the displacement is 180°. • Wnet = (FcosӨ) d • = (fk cos 180°) d • = (50.0 N)(-1) d • and, Wnet = K- Ko, = ½ mv2 – ½ mvo2 • = ½(60.0 kg)(0)2 – ½ (60.0 kg)(25.0 m/s)2 • Solving, d = 3.75 x 102 m

37. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy: Check for Understanding

38. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy: Check for Understanding

39. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy: Check for Understanding

40. 5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy: Check for Understanding

41. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy

42. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy

43. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy The work done in lifting an object is equal to the change in gravitational potential energy. W = F∆ h = m g (h – ho)

44. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy Kinetic and Potential Energy Throwing a ball in the air converts its kinetic energy to potential energy, and back again.

45. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy Reference Point and Change in Potential Energy • The reference point (zero height) you choose may give rise to negative potential energy. This is call a potential energy well. • The well may be avoided by choosing a new reference point.

46. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy

47. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy

48. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy Example 5.6: A 10.0 kg object is moved from the second floor of a house 3.00 m above the ground to the first floor 0.30 m above the ground. What is the change in gravitational potential energy?

49. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy Example 5.7: A spring with a spring constant of 15 N/m is initially compressed by 3.0 cm. How much work is required to compress the spring an additional 4.0 cm?

50. 5.4 The Work-Energy Theorem: Potential Energy: Check for Understanding