Julius Caesar

1. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Rise to Power

2. Caesar Gains Control • In 60 B.C a military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with two men named Crassus and Pompey. • In 59 B.C he is elected consul with the help of his friends and together they dominated Rome as a triumvirate.

3. The Rise to Rebellion • In 58 B.C Caesar steps down as consul. • Appoints himself as governor of Gaul (France). • Led his men on an eight year conquest of Gaul. • Pompey fears Caesar’s popularity

4. Caesar Victorious

5. The Die is Cast • The Senate, due Pompey’s pleas, ordered Caesar to disband his army and come back to Rome. • Caesar defied the Senate and brought his army with him. • After a long struggle Caesar was victorious, and in 44 B.C. he was made dictator for life.

6. Caesar’s Reforms • Governed as absolute ruler • Granted Roman citizenship to many Roman Provinces. • Expanded the Senate. • Helped the poor by creating jobs and starting colonies where people without land could own property. • Increased pay for soldiers.

7. Et tu Brute • On March 15th 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was murdered on the Senate floor. • The assassins were led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius.

8. 6 Questions • When was Julius Caesar made counsel of Rome? • Who were his two supporters? • What area did Caesar appoint himself governor and then conquer? • Why did Pompey become jealous of Caesar? • What were the reforms of Caesar? • Who killed him?

9. The Roman Empire The Rise and Fall

10. The Beginning • After Caesar’s death a civil war broke out that destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic. • Three of Caesar’s supporters banned together to destroy the assassins. • They were Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus. In 43 B.C they took control of Rome and ruled it for ten years.

11. The End of the Second Triumvirate • After ten year the alliance between the three men disintegrated. • First Octavian forced Lepidus to retire. • After leading a successful campaign against Rome’s enemies, Antony meets and falls in love with Cleopatra and followed her back to Egypt. Octavian then accused Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt and a civil war begins.

12. Octavian Victorious • Octavian defeated the combine forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. Later Mark Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. • Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome and eventually accepted the title of Augustus.

13. Pax Romana • Pax Romana,Roman Peace, this began at the beginning of Augustus rule in 27 B.C. and lasted to 180 A.D. • During this time the Roman Empire spanned 3 million square miles and numbered 60 to 80 million people. • About 1 million people lived in the city of Rome itself.

14. Rome’s Stable Government • The Roman Empire held together largely because of a stable government and able rulers. • Augustus was the most able of these leaders. He stabilized the frontier, built many public buildings, and set up a system of government that would last for centuries. He also set up a civil service.

15. Rome’s Stable Government and Economy • While the Senate still functioned the civil service administered the empire. • The civil service was drawn from plebeians and even former slaves. • Agriculture was the most important industry in the Roman Empire. • Rome also had a vast trading network that stretched all the way to China

16. Good Emperors Nerva- began adopting a heir Trajan-empire reached its greatest extent Hadrian- reorganized the bureaucracy, consolidated earlier conquest Antonious Pius- brought peace Marcus Aurelious- brought economic prosperity Bad Emperors Caligula- mentally disturbed Nero- murdered many and persecuted Christians Domitian- feared treason so executed many The Good and the Bad

17. The Roman World • Throughout its history the Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty. • A person with these characteristics were said to have gravitas. • They honored strength more than beauty, power more than grace, and usefulness mare than elegance.

18. Slaves and Captivity • Slavery was a big part of Roman life. Most of the slaves were conquered people and included men, women, and children. Children born to slaves also became slaves. • Slaves could be sold, they could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death as their master saw fit.

19. Slavery Continued • Many slaves were treated cruelly by their masters. They were forced to do hard labor all day long. • In some cases the strong healthy males were forced to become gladiators. • On some occasions slaves rebelled. However, none of these slave revolts were successful.

20. Religion in the Roman Empire • The earliest Romans worshiped powerful spirits known as numina. Closely related to these spirits were the Lares, who were the guardian spirits. They gave names to these powerful gods and goddesses. ( Jupiter and Mars) • The Romans were expected to worship both at home and at the public worships held by the priest.

21. Society and Culture of the Roman Empire • During the time of the Empire wealth and social status made a significant difference. • The rich spent their money on houses, gardens, slaves, and luxuries. • However, most Romans barely had the necessities of life. Much of the the city of Rome’s population was unemployed.

22. Society and Culture Continued • To support the poor the Empire provided daily rations of grain. • The poor lived in small tenements that were bunched together and were a constant fire hazard. • To distract and control the masses the government of Rome provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator games.

23. Spread of Christianity Jesus and the Spread of Christianity

24. A New Religion • While religion was important to the Romans their worship services were often lacked emotion. • However, as the empire grew so did an new religion called Christianity. • Born as a movement within Judaism, it emphasized a more personal relationship with God.

25. How Rome Came in Contact. • By 63 B.C. Rome had spread to the kingdom of Judea. At first Judea remained independent. Eventually, Rome took complete control in 6 A.D. • However, many Jews believed that God would send a savior to free them from Roman captivity.

26. Jesus • Although the exact date is not known many believe that Jesus was born between 6 B.C. and 4B.C. • He was born in the town of Bethlehem and raised in the city of Nazareth. • He was baptized by the prophet John the Baptist.

27. Jesus Continued • At age 30 he began his ministry. • For the next 3 years he preached, taught, did good works, and performed miracles. • He stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and even themselves. • He also taught that God would end wickedness an establish an eternal kingdom for those who sincerely repented of their sins.

28. How We Know About Jesus • Historical records mention very little about Jesus. The main source of information about Jesus comes from the first four books of the New Testament known as the Four Gospels. • The gospels were written by Jesus disciples. These men would later be called the apostles.

29. The Death of Jesus • About 29 A.D. Jesus visited Jerusalem. Here he was greeted as the Messiah. However, the chief priest of the Jewish temples said he was teaching blasphemy. • The Roman Governor of the district was Pontus Pilot. He said Christ of defying the Empire. Jesus was then arrested and crucified. Christians believe that after three days he arose from the grave.

30. Paul’s Mission • Paul was born with the name Saul. • According to Christian tradition he underwent a miraculous conversion to Christianity. • He then became the major force in the spread of Christianity.

31. Jewish Rebellion and the Diaspora • In 66 A.D. the Jewish people rebelled against the Romans. • In 70 A.D. Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple. • The rest of the rebels fled to Masada where they eventually committed suicide. • Over a half million Jews were killed during this rebellion.

32. Persecution of the Christians • Christians refused to worship the Roman pagan gods. • This was seen as opposition to Roman rule. • Christians were also used as scapegoats for the problems of the Empire. • By the second century A.D. Pax Romana crumbled and persecution of the Christians intensified.

33. Persecution Continued • Christians were killed by the thousands. • This was done by crucifixion, burning, or being killed by wild animals. • Despite this Christianity grew into a powerful force. • Many regarded those Christians that were murdered as martyrs.

34. Constantine • The critical moment in the spread of Christianity occurred in 312 A.D. • At this time the Roman emperor was battling his political rivals. • Before the Battle of Milvian Bridge, he prayed for divine help.

35. Help Arrives • Constantine then supposedly saw a vision of the cross. • He ordered that the cross be put on all his soldiers shields. Constantine then went on to win the battle. • The next year Constantine orders the end of the persecution of the Christians. Then in the Edict of Milan declares Christianity to be one of the dominate religions of the Empire.

36. The Beginning of the Roman Catholic Church • In 380 A.D. emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Empire. • By this time the Christians had given themselves a structure similar to how the Roman Empire had a hierarchy.

37. Catholic Church • The pope was the head of the Church. • According to the Catholic Church the first pope was Peter. • The pope is also the bishop of Rome. • A bishop is a priest who is over several churches. • Rome became the center of the Church.

38. A Single Voice • In an attempt to stop conflicts over doctrine, Church leaders tried to set a single standard of belief. • This single standard later became known as the Bible. • The Nicene Creed solidified the teachings of the Catholic Church.

39. Review For Test • Name the two brothers that according to legend founded Rome. • Why was Rome really built? • What was the name of the hill the first Roman settlement was built on? • What three groups of people settled the area around Rome? • Which group did the first Roman King come from?

40. Review • Who was the king the Roman people rebelled against to set up a republic? • What is a republic? • Who are the patricians? • Who are the plebeians? • What is a tribune? • Who could vote in Rome?

41. Review • Why did Roman scholars say Rome had a balanced government? • What is a consul? • Describe the Roman Senate? • When could a dictator be chosen? • What is a legion? • What is a century?

42. Review • Who did the Romans conquer to take control of Italy? • Describe the Punic Wars. • Who was Hannibal? • What did Hannibal accomplish? • What Roman general defeated Hannibal? • What strategy did this general use?

43. Review • What two people did Julius Caesar join forces with to gain power? • Why did he choose those two people? • What year did Caesar become consul?

44. Review • Who was responsible for the spread of Christianity outside of Judea? • What year did the Jewish People rebel? • What year did the Romans storm Jerusalem? • Where did the Jewish rebels flee? • What happened to them?

45. Review • Who persecuted the Christians? • Why were they persecuted? • How were they persecuted? • Who was Constantine? • Why is he important?

46. Review • What was the Edict of Milan? • What emperor made Christianity the official religion of Rome? • How did the Catholic Church get started? • Who is head of the Catholic Church? • What is a bishop? • Who is the Bishop of Rome?

47. Review • According to tradition who was the first Pope? Saint Peter • Why was the Bible formed? To form a single standard by which the Christians would lead their life • What was the Nicene Creed? Where the Bible was formed. • What is Diaspora? The exile of the Jews.

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