Migration

1. Migration Edward Xie

2. Spain • The voyages of Christopher Columbus showed the Spanish rulers that the Americas had good agriculture opportunities and also resources in gold and silver • This led to Spanish settlers colonizing islands of the Caribbean • Conquistadors came to the Americas in hopes of conquering what they could of this land • Most famous one was Hernan Cortes • Cortes began his expedition in 1519 with 600 men • He managed to conquer the Aztecs because the Aztecs were constantly in war with neighbors which allowed them to gain allies and also because the Spaniards had more advanced technology • Then, the Spanish made the conquests pay • They enforced inhumane systems that forced the Indians to become unofficial slaves • Encomeienda system- Indians were enslaved under systems of cruelty, so many Indians died that the system was discarded • Repartimiento system- Forced Indians into low paid or unpaid labor in farms for a portion of the year and mines for the other part of the year, implemented in central Mexico • Mita system- Same cruelty as the repartimiento system, difference is that this one was implemented in Peru • Haciendas- agricultural estate that Indians were forced to work on • Mines- The Indians were forced to work in silver mines and these had terrible conditions • Eventually, Spain became bankrupt • They did not invest in infrastructure and Charles V, spent too much money on warfare

3. Portugal • Portugal had conquests in Africa and Asia, not just the Americas • They entered the field of worldwide exploration and trade earlier and more vigorously than Spain • Africa • Portugal had an interest in Africa because it wanted people to convert to Christianity, grain and fish for its food supply, slaves for sugar plantations and gold • They conquered Ceuta on the Moroccan coast and then moved down the coast of West Africa, going around the Cape of Good Hope and then moving up the east coast of Africa • The Portuguese mostly stayed on their coastal towns, only occasionally they tried going inland • These cities were mostly used as key points in the business of slave trade • Brazil • In 1500, a Portuguese that was supposed to go to India was blown off track to Brazil • They claimed the land and set up a few plantations there • These plantations were the first of the many that would later inhabit Brazil • Later, gold and diamonds were found there • Indian Ocean • In 1498, Vasco da Gama departed from the east coast of Africa and went to the west coast of India • The Portuguese brought violence to this peaceful trading areas • They later brought 21 armed ships to assert their dominance over this region • They controlled the ports of India and forced ocean traders to pay a tax of passage • Their violent control ended due to two reasons: one, the officials in the area were often corrupt and also not very well disciplined and two, the larger ocean going countries entered the areas

4. Problems of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires • Their new colonies should have brought them both newfound wealth but instead, it brought them bankruptcy • The reason they went bankrupt is because of the following reasons: • An efficient means of transporting goods and people was missing • They did not have commercial intelligence, they should have created strategies for investing capital well • Most of the money went to the rich who bought foreign goods to show their prestige, the money should have instead gone to infrastructure such as the creation of banks • They spent a lot of money on warfare which drained the newfound fortune • But, they both influenced the culture of the areas they dominated

5. The Columbian Exchange • Reason • The Columbian Exchange occurred because the European settlers desired the three G’s: God, glory and gold • Good • Mostly, the positives that resulted because of this benefitted the Old World • Crops were exchanged, and this exchange led to the multiplication of the population • These crops include sweet potatoes, potatoes, maize and cassavas • Due to the Columbian Exchange, the world’s population was able to multiply ten times from then to now • Plants and animals were exchanged, these include the horse and wheat • Bad • Devastation of American Indian Population • This was caused mostly by disease • The American Indians, never before exposed to these European diseases stood little chance surviving them • Some of the diseases included smallpox, measles, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, malaria, diphtheria, amoebic dysentery and influenza

6. Slavery • The main reason slaves were used was cheap labor • More slaves than Europeans went to the Americas • The treatment of the slaves varied on where they were taken • In the sugar plantations of Haiti and Brazil, the slaves were treated inhumanely as the owners of the sugar plantations they were sent to believed it was cheaper just to make the slaves work until they died rather than treating them well • In the plantations of North America, other crops were grown and the planters treated the slaves a lot better, encouraging them to reproduce • Results • Many individual states formed on the African continent and most of these states would rise and fall due to the slave trade

7. The Asian Migrations • Ottoman Empire • Famous People • Osman- Turkish leader who established the foundation of the Ottoman Empire in northwest Anatolia • Mehmed II- Known as “the Conqueror,” he led the Ottomans to conquer Constantinople, then the remainder of Anatolia, the Crimea north of the Black Sea, areas of Venice’s empire in Greece and the Aegean. Began process of rebuilding Constantinople and it became the largest city in Europe. Scholars were attracted to it due to its religious schools and bureaucratic jobs • Selim I- Defeated the shi’aSafavid Empire in Persia and later fought the Mameluke Empire of Egypt. His victories gave the Ottomans control over the holy cities of Jerusalem, Mecca and Medina as well as both coasts of the Red Sea. • Suleiman I- Known as “the Magnificent,” he continued the conquest in Europe. He conquered Hungary and went into central Europe. • Downfall • The Ottoman downfall came when the warfare they waged drained them militarily and economically • Because of this, they fell behind the western Europeans • Mughal • Famous People • Akbar- Most notable ruler of the Mughal Empire • He was a conqueror • He conquered many places in Asia, including Gujarat, Bengal, Kashmir, Orissa and Sind • Established an administrative bureaucracy in the empire • Understood that as a foreigner, he needed to control the anger that the people may have felt at being conquered with conciliation, • He had a lot of religious tolerance and even revoked the jizya • At its peak, it was twice the size of the Ottoman Empire with the population of China at the time

8. The Asian Migrations Part 2 • Downfall • The downfall came as a result of the other famous person, Aurangzeb • He took away all of the tolerance that Akbar provided • He overextended his armies and put so much tax on the peasantry they were on the verge of revolting • As a result, it became weak and open to new invaders • Safavid • Famous people • ChahAbbas • He built of the military capacity of the country of Iran • He did this by importing European weapons, equipment, technicians and advisors • He encouraged trade and commerce • Also, invited Chinese potters • Timur the Lame • He came to power in 1370 and ruled Iran and a lot of northern India, Anatolia and northern Syria • Downfall • The Safavid downfall came at the end of the seventeenth century where their army was unraveling , its central administration was failing and regional powers were reasserting themselves