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About this Chapter

About this Chapter. Anatomy and function of immune system Response to different pathogens Innate immunity: nonspecific body defenses Acquired immunity: specific defenses that target one pathogen Combined defenses against bacteria and viruses Neuro-endocrine-immune interactions.

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About this Chapter

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  1. About this Chapter • Anatomy and function of immune system • Response to different pathogens • Innate immunity: nonspecific body defenses • Acquired immunity: specific defenses that target one pathogen • Combined defenses against bacteria and viruses • Neuro-endocrine-immune interactions

  2. Immune System: Functions • Protects from pathogens and foreign molecules • Parasites • Bacteria • Viruses • Removes dead or damaged cells • Attempts to recognize and remove abnormal cells

  3. Immune System: Pathologies • Incorrect responses • Autoimmune disease (Type 1 diabetes) • Overactive responses • Allergies • Lack of response • Immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)

  4. Pathogens: Bacteria and Viruses

  5. Viral Structure and Replication Figure 24-1a

  6. Viral Structure and Replication Figure 24-1b

  7. Body Defenses: Two Lines • Physical and chemical barriers • First line of defense • Skin, epithelial linings, and cilia • Acids, mucous, and lysozymes • Immune defenses • Second line of defense • Innate, non-specific, immediate response • Acquired; attack a specific pathogen (antigen)

  8. Steps in an Immune Response • Detect and identify invader/foreign cells • Communicate, alarm, and recruit immune cells • Coordinate response among all participants • Suppress or destroy invader

  9. Lymphatic System • Primary tissues • Bone marrow and thymus • Encapsulated tissues • Lymph nodes and spleen • Lymph vessels • Diffuse tissues

  10. Lymphatic System: Anatomy Figure 24-2a

  11. Lymphatic System: Anatomy Figure 24-2b

  12. Key Cells of the Immune System • Leukocytes (white blood cells) • Eosinophils • Basophils and mast cells • Neutrophils • Monocytes and macrophages • Lymphocytes and plasma cells • Dendritic cells

  13. Key Cells of the Immune System Figure 24-4

  14. Immune Cell Groups • Morphological group • Granulocytes • Functional group • Phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) • Mononuclear phagocyte system

  15. Immune Cells: Function • Eosinophils • Allergic reactions • Parasitic diseases • Basophils • Release histamine • Inflammation

  16. Immune Cells: Function • Neutrophils • Ingest bacteria • Release cytokines • Monocytes • Mature to macrophages • Phagocytic • APCs

  17. Immune Cells: Function • Lymphocytes • Acquired immunity • Dendritic cells • Activate lymphocytes

  18. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (1 of 3)

  19. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (2 of 3)

  20. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5 (3 of 3)

  21. Antigen-Presenting Cells Figure 24-5

  22. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific • Physical and chemical barriers • Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells • Engulf and digest “tagged” cells • Inflammatory response

  23. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis Figure 24-6a

  24. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis Figure 24-6b

  25. Phagosomes Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogens that have been enclosed in phagosomes Figure 24-7

  26. NK cells • Eliminate virus-infected and tumor cells • Secrete interferons • Interferon-alpha and interferon-beta • Prevent viral replication • Interferon-gamma • Activates macrophages and other immune cells

  27. Inflammatory Response: Roles • Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to site of infection • Produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading • Promote tissue repair

  28. Inflammatory Response: Players • Histamines from mast cells • Swelling, edema, vasodilation • Interleukins • Fever, blood vessels more permeable to white blood cells and proteins, acute-phase proteins

  29. Inflammatory Response: Players • Bradykinin • Pain and swelling • Complement cascade • Membrane attack complex

  30. Inflammatory Response: Players Action of a membrane attack complex Figure 24-8

  31. Chemicals of the Immune Response

  32. Chemicals of the Immune Response

  33. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific • T lymphocytes • Helper T cells • Cytotoxic T cells • B lymphocytes • Plasma cells • Memory cells • NK cells

  34. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific • Naïve lymphocytes • Clonal expansion • Effector cells • Memory cells

  35. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific How clonal expansion leads to immunologic memory Figure 24-10 (1 of 4)

  36. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (2 of 4)

  37. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (3 of 4)

  38. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Figure 24-10 (4 of 4)

  39. B lymphocytes: Humoral Immunity • Immunoglobulins • Plasma and memory cells • Primary and secondary response

  40. B lymphocytes: Humoral Immunity Memory in the immune system Figure 24-11

  41. Plasma Cells: Antibodies • Five classes • IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD • Light and heavy chain • Fab region • Fc region

  42. Plasma Cells: Antibody Structure Figure 24-12

  43. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Activates complement 6 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13

  44. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, step 1

  45. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies 2 Acts as opsonins phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–2

  46. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–3

  47. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–4

  48. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–5

  49. Functions of Antibodies 1 Activates B lymphocytes Antigen binds to antibody Antigen binding site Activates complement 6 5 Triggers mast cell degranulation Memory cells Plasma cells Antibody Secrete antibodies NK cell or eosinophil Bacterial toxins 2 Acts as opsonins 4 Activates antibody- dependent cellular activity Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins 3 Enhanced phagocytosis Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994) Figure 24-13, steps 1–6

  50. T Lymphocytes: Cell-Mediated • T cell receptors • Cell activated by antigen • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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