IceCube Extreme Astronomy in Antarctica

1. In late 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, invented the World Wide Web. Originally conceived to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world, it has now millions of users everyday worldwide. Welcome WCATY Scholars ! IceCube Extreme Astronomy in Antarctica

2. In late 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, invented the World Wide Web. Originally conceived to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world, it has now millions of users everyday worldwide. In late 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, invented the World Wide Web. Originally conceived to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world, it has now millions of users everyday worldwide. In late 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, invented the World Wide Web. Originally conceived to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world, it has now millions of users everyday worldwide. Fundamental Researchstudied without regard to practical applications Practical science Vs. Fundamental science Is Fundamental science impractical?

3. Particle Astrophysics Particle Astrophysics

4. Particle Physics • There are many particles • We are built out of only 3 T neutrons electrons protons • Other particles, like neutrinos, • are created in particle • accelerators or in space.

5. Cosmic GallA Poem by John Updike (1932-2009) * They actually do have a very very very small mass ** Neutrinos do interact – but it is a super rare interaction NEUTRINOS, they are very small. They have no charge and have no mass *And do not interact at all.**The earth is just a silly ball To them, through which they simply pass, Like dustmaids down a drafty hall Or photons through a sheet of glass. They snub the most exquisite gas, Ignore the most substantial wall, Cold shoulder steel and sounding brass, Insult the stallion in his stall, And scorning barriers of class, Infiltrate you and me! Like tall and painless guillotines, they fall Down through our heads into the grass. At night, they enter at Nepal and pierce the lover and his lass From underneath the bed-you call It wonderful; I call it crass. - Telephone Poles and Other Poems, John Updike, Knopf, 1960

6. Neutrinos are very Rare particles True or False False: We know that neutrinos are created in the sun and in the atmosphere. Every second thousands of neutrinos go through our body. In IceCube we look for energetic neutrinos from outer space. These are rare.

7. Neutrinos Are very small n Have (almost) no mass And rarely interact at all

8. it must emit . something This must arrive to our detector something it If we want to see And interact with our detector

9. Traditional astronomy uses photons (light particles) as messengers A Telescope (visible light, or X-ray or gamma-ray)

10. True or False Sometimes 1” of matter is enough to stop a photon True: Cover your eyes

11. ? I need a different messenger Traditional astronomy uses photons (light particles) as messengers Space is not empty. A Telescope (visible light, or X-ray or gamma-ray)

12. True or False To stop a neutrino we need 10 miles of matter False: We will need much more matter to stop a neutrino

13. To make sure we stop every neutrino we would need 10 light years of lead. This is 1 million times the distance to the Sun full with heavy dense material

14. Traditional astronomy uses photons (light particles) as messengers In IceCube we use Neutrinos to do astronomy Neutrino detector

15. Hey, Wait a minute: If those “neutrinos” rarely interact, they will also “rarely” interact with our detector

16. A VERY BIG DETECTOR

17. How to detect a neutrino If a neutrino interacts in our detector, it produces a super energetic charged particle that moves super fast What happens when things move fast?? Cherenkov effect - “Optic” Boom (when a charged particle passes through matter at a speed greater than the speed of light in matter) Sonic Boom (Shock caused by moving faster than the speed of sound)

18. Where to put it? Requirements from a neutrino detector nrarely interact . large detectors Light measurement  Dark  Transparent Cost Cheap material A lot of transparent stuff ! !

19. Water Ice

20. IceCube will be made of 80 strings deployed in holes 1.5 miles deep (!) • The bottom 0.6 miles of each string is instrumented with 60 super sensitive detectors. • “eyes” • A cubic kilometer array of light detectors will look for this weak light 1.5 mile 0.6 mile

21. IceCube will be made of 80 strings deployed in holes 1.5 miles deep (!) • The bottom 0.6 miles of each string is instrumented with 60 super sensitive detectors. • “eyes” • A cubic kilometer array of light detectors will look for this weak light 1.5 mile 0.6 mile

22. The eye in the iceDOMDigital Optical Module

23. IceCube – where are we? IceCube South Pole Dome road to work Ski-Runway (road to home) New Station