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An all-purpose, broad spectrum insecticide

An all-purpose, broad spectrum insecticide. Preface. This PPT presentation includes all the major recommendations for the use of Sevin for agricultural uses.

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An all-purpose, broad spectrum insecticide

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  1. An all-purpose, broad spectrum insecticide

  2. Preface • This PPT presentation includes all the major recommendations for the use of Sevin for agricultural uses. • Since registrations may differ in countries throughout the world we strongly recommend following all local label directions, warnings and recommended doses prior to the use of Sevin.

  3. Introduction Carbamate Family of Insecticide First Introduction in 1958. Mode of action: Contact (beetles) and ingestion (caterpillars and grasshoppers). • Broad spectrum insecticide excellent for Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera and Homopterans and Eriophyd mites. • A proven tool for IRM(Insect Resistance Management) • Excellent candidate for insecticide mode of action rotation programs.

  4. Introduction • All-purpose insecticide for pest control in pome fruit, small fruits, citrus, olives, nuts, vegetables, corn, forestry, pastures, peanuts, soybean, tobacco. • Excellent against nuisance insects and ticks. • Excellent against grasshoppers, locust and flies in rangeland.

  5. Benefits of Carbaryl • Multiple crop / pest uses • Superior control of beetles • Non-persistent in food, soil & water • Large toxicological database • Low environmental impact

  6. Carbaryl key advantages • BROAD SPECTRUM INSECTICIDE • Sevin controls over 560 pests on more than 120 crops • 150 EPA tolerances, more than any other single AI • SAFETY • Very low risk to consumer • Very few adverse reporting complaints from operators • Excellent track record in 70 countries for more than 40 years • AN ALTERNATIVE TO MANY WITHDRAWN ORGANO- PHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES

  7. Mode of Action and Biology Carbamate insecticide reversible cholinesterase inhibitor in both insects and mammals Rapid recovery in case of accidental overexposure Contact and ingestion insecticide Contact is greater on beetle pests and ingestion activity is greater on lepidopterans and grasshoppers. • Effective controlusually within 1-3 days • Residual activityaverage 10 days. (1 to 21 days) • Efficiency increasesas the temperature rises (10-370C) • Residual activityreduced by rainfall, growth dilution. • Residual activityreduced by rainfall, growth dilution.

  8. Residual Activity of Carbaryl Vs Other Insecticides Mode of Action and Biology Acephate Fenvalerate Carbofuran Fenitrothion Methomyl Parathion Monocrotophos Endosulfan Cypermethrin Malathion Sevin 0 5 10 15 20 25 Days

  9. Mode of Action and Biology Normal Nerve Activity pre-synaptic nerve post-synaptic nerve Nerve relax and stop sending impulses Synapse Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Ac Cholinesterase breaks down A.Choline Ganglia

  10. Mode of Action and Biology Effect on Central Nervous System pre-synaptic nerve post-synaptic nerve Carbamates like SEVIN inhibit Ac Cholinesterase Synapse Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Twitching of voluntary muscles, paralysis and death Acumulation of AcetylCholine

  11. Toxicity in animals • Mode of action Inhibition of cholinesterase (reversible) • Acute toxicology • Moderately toxic (EPA & WHO category II, EU: Xn); • non toxic by the dermal and inhalation routes, • not a primary skin or eye irritant, nor a dermal sensitizer. • Long term toxicology • not a genotoxic compound, nor toxic for the fertility, the reproduction, and doesn't induce teratogenic effects; • Based on lifetime feeding studies in rodents, carbaryl is not considered to pose any increased risk of cancer to humans.

  12. Toxicity in animals • Hazard Classification: • EU : • Xn(Harmful),N(Dangerous for the environment) • R22(Harmful if swallowed) • R40(Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect) • R50(Very toxic to aquatic organisms) • USA : • Acute toxicity: Category II(Moderately toxic) • Group C:Possible Human Carcinogen • WHO : • Category II (Moderately hazardous)

  13. Toxicity in animals Acute Toxicity Acute Toxicity Technical 85WP / 80 WP XLR Plus

  14. Safety Measures / Workers • Hazard identifications: — Harmful if swallowed — Harmful by inhalation — Toxic to aquatic organisms • Warning Label (Not Restricted Use) • Restricted Entry & Interval - 12 hours • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Applicators & Handlers (Minimum requirements) — Long sleeve shirt and long pants — Waterproof gloves — Shoes and stocks — Head gear for overhead exposure

  15. Safety Precautionsfor Handling • Avoid contact with eyes and skin. • Do not inhale spray mist. • Applicators and handlers must wear Personal Protective Equipment. • After use and before eating, drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and the face thoroughly with soap and water. • After each day’s use, wash the Personal Protective Equipment. • Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.

  16. Metabolism • Mode of action Inhibition of cholinesterase (reversible) Atropine is an effective antidote • Animal metabolism (Rat ADME): — Carbaryl is rapidly absorbed and eliminated with a majority of the radioactivity being eliminated within 12 to 24 hours post dose. — Urine is the primary elimination route. — There is no accumulation of radioactivity in any tissue — Metabolites formed conjugates with sulphate or glucuronic acid. • General metabolic pathway is similar in man, rat and mouse

  17. Environmental Fate • In soil: • In microbially active soils carbaryl is rapidly mineralized to CO2, is of low mobility and would not reach groundwater under normal field conditions. • In water: • Carbaryl is stable in acidic pH, slowly hydrolysed at neutral pH and rapidly hydrolysed at alkaline pH. Carbaryl is slowly degraded by photolysis but rapidly degraded in aerobic sediment/water systems. • In air: • Low volatility and thus low exposure is also indicated by the Henry’s law constant.

  18. Plant Metabolism • Plant metabolism studies on lettuce, soybeans, radish, and apple identified the main residue in the fruit and foliage of plants treated with radiolabelled carbaryl as unchanged parent compound, carbaryl. • The half-life of carbaryl inside the plant is 1 to 7 days. • In all these studies, unchanged carbaryl constituted the major portion of the organosoluble residues. • Therefore, the residue definition is proposed for the parent compound carbaryl, only.

  19. Rotational Crops • A confined rotational crop study was conducted to determine residues in crops grown in soil previously treated with carbaryl at exaggerated dose rates (more than 15 lbs/acre i.e. 16.8 kg/ha) • After ageing for 30, 120, and 365 days, each plot was planted with lettuce, radish, and wheat. • Results showed that significant uptake of residues in soil into the following year’s crops is unlikely. At normal field rates, there is little concern for added exposure from consuming succeeding crops. No specific recommendations are required for implementing succeeding crops.

  20. Ecotoxicology • Bees and Non Target Arthropods • In laboratory studies, carbaryl and its product Sevin XLR Plus was very toxic to Apis melifera and a number of non-target arthropods. • No adverse effects were observed on honey bees after use of carbaryl in apple orchards for fruit thinning. • Semi-field studies showed no adverse effects after exposure to 14-day old over-sprayed foliage. • Soil organisms • Carbaryl is moderately toxic to earthworms in laboratory testing and shows transient impact on populations followed by a rapid recovery in field conditions. • Carbaryl has a negligible effect on micro-organism activity.

  21. Ecotoxicology / Bees(Apis Melifera) • Acute Toxicity • Carbaryl is very toxic to honeybees. Both the topical and oral LD50 for carbaryl technical are less than 1 microgram per bee. • Sevin formulations are very toxic to honeybees, e.g. for Sevin XLR Plus LD50 = 1.57 µg product/ bee (oral contact) and LD50 =  3.84 µg product / bee (topical contact ) • Field tests • A recent field study carried out at a rate of 1.875 LSEVIN XLR Plus/ha (i.e. 0.9 kg a.i./ha) in apple orchard for fruit thinning resulted inno adverse effectson honeybees. No effects on brood (larval) development, population density or weight of the honeybee hives were observed and adult bees did not show behavioural changes (e.g. disorientation).

  22. Safety Measures / Bees • Apply when bees are not actively foraging in the orchard to be treated as well as adjacent orchards. • Before applying, warn beekeepers to locate hives beyond bee flight range until one week after application or to take other equally effective precautions. • Apply in late evening to early morning to minimize exposure to bees. • Remove dandelions and other broadleaf weeds from the orchard floor.

  23. Ecotoxicology • Non Target Arthropods • Laboratory studies showed that carbaryl is of moderate toxicity to Typhlodromus pyri, Pardosa sp but proved to be very toxic to Chrysoperla carnea and Aphidius rhopalosiphi. • Nevertheless, under extended laboratory conditions, carbaryl showed no effects on survival and reproduction of Typhlodromus pyri and Chrysoperla carnea when exposed to leaves aged for 14 days under field conditions • As a result, although carbaryl may impact the most sensitive insect species of the tree-dwelling arthropod community of the treated field, a rapid re-colonisation/ -population is allowed 2 weeks after application due to the very rapid dissipation of carbaryl (DT50 < 5 days). This was confirmed by field studies or observations at field.

  24. Impacts on Beneficials • Carbaryl is a broad-spectrum insecticide primarily acting as a stomach toxicant • carbaryl is of moderate toxicity to Typhlodromus pyri andPardosa sp • Is very toxic to Chrysoperla carnea and Aphidius rhopalosiphi.(Lab. Studies) • rapid re-colonization/ -population is allowed 2 weeks after application due to the very rapid dissipation of carbaryl (DT50 < 2 days) • SEVIN provided 52-66% survival of major predators (Nabis spp, Geocoris spp, Orius spp and spiders) on cotton and soybean

  25. Impacts on Beneficials • 75-100% survival of Chrysopa spp and 73-90% survival of Adalia spp (corn). • Trichogramma spp show a good level of survival, as they do not directly contact carbaryl residues. • Copidosoma spp, Apanteles spp and Chelonus texanus) developing in lepidopterous larvae are often not affected by foliar application.

  26. Sevin Mite Flaring • SEVIN 50WP was very toxic to predatory mites Amblysieus fallacis and Zetzellia maliunder laboratory conditions. — field applications at 120 g a.i./hl (2.5 kg a.i./ha) did neither adversely impact populations of beneficial organisms important for mite pest management nor increase populations of pest mites. • SEVIN applied at high rates (2.2-3.4 kg a.i./ha) may cause decrease in the populations of Stethorus spp, a natural enemy of Panonychus ulmi, and the predatory mites Typhlodromus pyryandT. occidentalis. — To avoid any reduction in predatory mitesno morethan two consecutive applications of SEVIN are recommended. • Mixtures of carbaryl at lower rates (0.85- 1.7-kg a.i./ha) with a miticide are also a solution.

  27. Sevin on Predatory Mites and Pest Mites (Bluglerville, PA USA, 1993) Sevin XLR did neither adversely impact populations of predatory mites nor increase populations of pest mites.

  28. Compatibility • Compatible with a large number of pesticides • Compatible with petroleum oil/summer oil • Physical Compatibility — Test for physical compatibility advisable — If compatibility with another product is unknown the mixture should be tested on a small scale. • Sevin is incompatible with lime or other highly alkaline materials such bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur or caseine-sulphur adjuvants. • If pH of water is alkaline it is advisable to use a buffer to neutralize the pH (<7.0) before adding Sevin.

  29. Resistance Management • After 40 years in the market SEVIN continues to effectively control over 500 pests worldwide. • Sevin controls many insects which have developed resistance to other insecticides such as: Cydia pomonella, Epitrix cucumeris, Argyrotaenia citrana, Epilachna varivestis, Psylla sp, Desmia funaralis, fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and several leafhoppers.

  30. Sevin is an excellent alternative to other insecticides classes (pyrethroids, OP’s, chloronicotinyls, etc). • Regional differences have been noted in the susceptibility of certain strains of the following pests: Spodoptera frugiperda Plutella xylostella Leptinotarsa decemlineata Nezara viridula Phyllonorycter blancardella Heliothis virescens If local experience indicates inadequate control, use an alternative pesticide!

  31. TESSENDERLO KERLEY, INC. 2255 North 44th Street, Suite 300 Phoenix, AZ 85008-3279 1-800-525-2803

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