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Do Now:

Do Now:. In 2008, what are some of the newest and most exciting inventions that you have seen hit the market recently?

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Do Now:

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  1. Do Now: • In 2008, what are some of the newest and most exciting inventions that you have seen hit the market recently? • Outside of those, what inventions can you come up with that you feel would be useful in today’s world? (work with a partner, and draw one of your inventions out, and be prepared to share)

  2. The Scientific Revolution

  3. Advances in chemistry

  4. Anatomical Studies

  5. The Astrolabe- a device used to measure the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It was difficult to use in the rough seas.

  6. Cartography

  7. Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) • A Polish astronomer who studied astronomy • Revolutionary theory – SUN IS THE CENTER OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM • This is called HELIOCENTRIC THEORY (helio is Greek for sun) • Does anyone know why this was revolutionary?

  8. Geocentric Theory • Since ancient times, Aristotle, the famous philosopher depicted in Raphael’s School of Athens, taught that the Earth was the center of the solar system (Geo is Greek for Earth) • Ptolemy (90 – 168 C.E.) supported this view • The Church agreed for over 1,500 years – Why would the Church support this view?

  9. Geocentric and The Church • The geocentric held that the Earth was the center of the solar system, because God made Earth special. • All other heavenly bodies (planets, the Sun) revolved around the Earth in perfect circles while the Earth stood still. • If the scientists were observing something different, why would the Church still support this view?

  10. In Support of Copernicus • Tyco Brahe(1546 – 1601) – Danish astronomer collected evidence over many years of observation supporting Copernicus’s work • Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) – German astronomer who assisted Brahe. Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of planets around the sun. • Planets move in ellipses not perfect circles like Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.

  11. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Who was he? Is he just a guy mentioned in Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody?

  12. Galileo Galilei • Italian astronomer – it shows how the ideas of Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler spread • Built a more advanced telescope • Observed mountains on the moon, fiery spots on the Sun, and four moons revolving around Jupiter

  13. A copy of one of Galileo’s original drawings of the moon • Isn’t this cool? • Think about when you have to draw diagrams during your science labs • You are doing the same thing that a famous scientist did in the 17th century

  14. “I did discover many particulars in Heaven that had been unseen and unheard of until our age.” Galileo Galilei

  15. Galileo and The Church • Where did Galileo live? Why was this a problem? • The Catholic Counter-Reformation is going on

  16. Counter Reformation – 16th and 17th centuries • Council of Trent is meeting and has implemented reforms • Jesuits are out spreading Catholic ideas around the world • Catholics and Protestants are at war around Europe • The Catholic Church is using the Inquisition to try heretics

  17. Index of Forbidden Books • Part of the Counter Reformation and Inquisition was to create an Index of Forbidden Books • Guess whose books were banned? • Luther’s and Calvin’s writings • Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

  18. Galileo on Trial • Galileo published his astronomical observations • His observations supported Copernicus’s views • 1633 – Galileo is tried before the Inquisition • Under the threat of death, Galileo had to recant his heresies and state publicly in court that the Earth stands motionless at the center of the solar system

  19. Legend has it that as he left court, Galileo muttered: “And yet it moves.”

  20. A New Scientific Method • During Renaissance, thinkers rediscovered of the work of Plato, the classical Greek philosopher (Raphael put him next to Aristotle in School of Athens) • Plato taught that man should look beyond simple appearances to nature’s truths • Mathematics was the key to learning these truths

  21. Scientific Method • Renaissance spirit of inquiry inspired this type of thinking

  22. Exploring the Human Body • Andreas Vesalius – famous for dissecting bodies, published a book with the most accurate drawings and labeling of his time – On the Structure of the Human Body • William Harvey – described the circulation of the blood for the first time, showed how the heart acts as a pump to force blood through the veins and arteries

  23. Andreas Vesalius Renaissance-era physician Wrote book called On the Fabric of the Human Body This is a print of Vesalius doing a public dissection of a woman

  24. Harvey’s Discoveries vs. Galen’s Theories • Galen (129 – 200 C.E.) • Two types of blood – dark venous blood that came from the liver, lighter arterial blood came from the heart, travelled throughout the body where it was consumed • Harvey’s book explained that the heart pumped blood continuously throughout the body • He discovered this partially by vivisecting animals – AWWW!

  25. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Perfected microscope • First human known to see cells and microorganisms

  26. Man using Leeuwenhoek's microscope compared to a modern microscope

  27. Philosophy and Francis Bacon: A new system of logic based on reduction.

  28. Isaac Newton • By age 24, formed a brilliant theory to explain why planets moved the way they did • Legend has it that an apple fell from a tree – Could the force that pulled that apple to Earth also control the movements of the planets?

  29. Over the next 20 years, Newton perfected his theory. He called the force gravity. • 1687 – published book on his ideas of the workings of the universe • All motion in the universe can be measured and explained by mathematics

  30. For 200 years, Newton’s laws held fast • Early 1900s, new theories about the universe called his ideas into question • Newton’s laws of motion and mechanics continue to have many practical uses • Calculus – partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws is still applied today

  31. "A body persists its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force." • Sound familiar? • Newton’s First Law of Motion – the Law of Inertia

  32. Newton’s Second Law of Motion • "Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma): the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration."

  33. Newton’s Third Law of Motion • Whenever a particle A exerts a force on another particle B, B simultaneously exerts a force on A with the same magnitude in the opposite direction. • This law is often simplified into the sentence, "To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

  34. What lessons did you learn about the Scientific Revolution? • Consider and Discuss • Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theories – Key scientists • Anatomical discoveries • Inventions of new devices to help science • Newtonian laws

  35. What lessons can we learn from the scientists? • Being brave and honest – How could Copernicus, Galileo, or any of the other scientists go against what they saw with their own eyes? • Believing in yourself and standing up for what you believe in • Believing that you are right so long as you can back up what you say with evidence • Not accepting something just because everyone else accepts it

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