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Topic 1

Topic 1. Measurement Observation and Inference. 1. Metric System: Based on the power of Ten. a. Prefixes i. Kilo- 1000 ii. Centi- 1/100, .01 iii. Milli- 1/1000, .001 2. Base Units a. Length- Meter (m) b. Volume- Liter (l) c. Mass- Gram (g)

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Topic 1

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  1. Topic 1 Measurement Observation and Inference

  2. 1. Metric System: Based on the power of Ten. a. Prefixes i. Kilo- 1000 ii. Centi- 1/100, .01 iii. Milli- 1/1000, .001 2. Base Units a. Length- Meter (m) b. Volume- Liter (l) c. Mass- Gram (g) Ex. 1.0 m= 100cm 1.0 mL= .001L 1kg= 1000g

  3. 3. Volume: The amount of space an object takes up. (cm3 or mL) a. Volume of liquids i. measured in a graduated cylinder ii. unit (label) = milliliter (ml) b. Volume of Regular Shaped Solids (i.e. rectangles/squares) V = Length X Width X Height H cm cm cm L W V = cm X cm X cm Unit (label) = cm3 or cubic centimeters (Note: 1cm3 = 1 ml)

  4. c. Volume of Irregular Solids 1) Water displacement in a graduated cylinder. rock A B V= 25 ml – 10 ml = 15 ml Therefore 15 ml OR 15 cm3 is the volume of the rock. Unit (label) = ml or cm3. 25 ml 10 ml

  5. Mass: The amount of matter an object contains. • (How much “stuff “is inside an object.) • a. Mass is measured with a Triple Beam Balance. Unit (label) = grams

  6. WHAT IS THE MASS ??????????? Mass = 79.4 grams 10’s 100’s 1’s

  7. Electronic Balance… How do we use this???

  8. 5. Observation: a description using one or more of your senses. Ex: The sky is blue. The spoiled milk tastes sour. The sandpaper feels rough. 6. Instrument: A man-made device that helps the senses observe better. Ex: hearing aidthermometer rulertriple beam balance

  9. 7. Measurement: an observation with a numerical value. Ex: a) It is hot outside. = an observation b) It is 80o F outside. = a measured observation A. Measurements are made by comparing an object to a known standard. ex: measuring instruments are known standards. (rulers, balances, thermometers)

  10. 8. Classification: The process by which objects are put into groups based on similar or common properties. Why do we classify? It makes it easier to study. Organizes data. Ex: Clouds: classified by shape and by altitude Rocks: classified by origin and by texture.

  11. 9. Inference: A thought process that provides a possible explanation for observations. (Educated Guess!) Ex: observation: I see a round, smooth rock. Inference: I think the rock was once in a river. Predictions are inferences. Ex: weather forecasts. 10. Percent Deviation (Error): The amount of error in a measurement as compared to the accepted value (actual answer). Difference between measured and accepted value % Error = X 100 Accepted Value

  12. Difference between measured and accepted value % Error = X 100 Accepted Value Ex: student measurement = 127.5 g accepted value = 125.0 g 127.5 g – 125.0 g % error = X 100 125.0 g = 2.0 %

  13. 11. Density: The amount of mass (matter) in a certain amount of volume (space). OR How close together the particles (atoms) are in a substance. same volume Less Dense More Dense The closer the particles, the greater the density.

  14. Mass 12. Density = (grams per cm3) Volume First find the volume: V = L x W x H V = 2cm x 3cm x 7cm V = 42 cm3 2 cm 7 cm 3 cm Mass of the block = 168 g Find the density of the block: D = m / v 168 g D = = 4 g/cm3 42 cm3

  15. Ex: 60 ml 42 ml Mass of the stone = 54 g Find the density of the stone: D= m / v Volume of stone = 60 ml – 42 ml = 18 ml OR 18 cm3 D= 54 g / 18 cm3 D= 3 g / cm3

  16. 13. The volume or shape of an object DOES NOT AFFECT IT’S DENSITY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ex: Pebble of Rock A Block of Rock A 5 cm 12 cm 10cm M = 12 g V = 2 cm3 D = m / v = 12g / 2 cm3 D = 6 g/cm3 M = 3600 g V = 10cm x 12cm x 5cm = 600cm3 D = m / v = 3600g / 600 cm3 D = 6 g/cm3 The volume or shape of an object does not affect it’s density!!!!!!!!!

  17. Ex: An object has a density of 3 g/cm3 The object is cut into 10 pieces. What is the density of each piece??? Answer: 3 g/cm3 Density problems… A. An object has a mass of 48.0 grams and a volume of 60 cm3. What is the density of the object? 0.8 g/cm3 48g / 60cm3 = D = m / v =

  18. B. The density of an object is found to be 4.2 g/cm3. What is the volume of this object if it’s mass is 126.4 g? 126.4 g D = m / v 4.2 g/cm3 = X 4.2 g/cm3 x X = 126.4 g 126.4 g X = 4.2 g /cm3 X = 30.1 cm3

  19. C. An object has a density of 2.6 g/cm3 and a mass of 72.6 g. Another piece of the same object has a mass of 145.2 g. What is the density of this object??? D = 2.6 g/cm3

  20. What can change the density of an object? • Three states of matter • Solid, Liquid,Gas Most substances have their greatest density as a solid and their least density as a gas. • When an object’s temperature increases, it’s density decreases. • REASON: Heat causes the particles to speed up and spread apart

  21. 15. The Density of Water 4oC Most Dense A B 0oC 100oC Solid Liquid Gas Water has it’s greatest density at 4oC Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water. Less dense materials float in more dense materials. A is less dense than B.

  22. 16. Graphs A. Graphs show the relationship between 2 variables. B. Types of Graphs 1) Line Graphs y y y x x x As x increases y increases As x increases y decreases As x increases y stays the same a) The steeper the line, the greater the rate (speed) of change shown by the graph.

  23. 2) Pie graphs. The larger the section, the greater the value. Which section is… Largest Smallest D E A B C Y X D B 3) Bar Graph The higher the bar the greater the value.

  24. 17. Given enough time, everything changes. A. Some changes are fast and therefore are easier to observe or measure. Ex: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions B. Some changes are slow and therefore are harder to observe or measure. Ex: erosion of a mountain, continental drift, growth of a tree 18. Cyclic changes: Changes that repeat at regular intervals. Cyclic changes can be predicted Ex: Seasonsday and night phases of the moonsunrise and sunset

  25. (Y axis) One cycle (X axis) CYCLIC CHANGE TIME

  26. 20. Non Cyclic (Random) Changes: Changes that occur at irregular intervals and therefore are difficult to predict. Ex: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches (Y axis) (X axis) NON-CYCLIC CHANGE No Patterns!!! TIME

  27. Energy

  28. ENERGY 1. Energy is the ability to do work. 2. All earth processes are the result of a transfer of energy. 3. Electromagnetic Energy A. Electromagnetic energy is energy in the form of waves.

  29. B. The Structure of Waves A A B B C C 1) Wavelength: the distance between any 2 consecutive waves.

  30. 4. Types of Electromagnetic Energy A. Gamma Rays B. X-Rays C. Ultraviolet D. Visible Light E. Infrared F. Microwaves G. Radio waves *** The types of electromagnetic energy are different from each other by their wavelength.

  31. 5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum A. A chart that places the types of electromagnetic energy in their order of wavelength. (Reference Tables page 14).

  32. Which form of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength?

  33. Which form of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength?

  34. Which form of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? Radio waves

  35. Which is shorter, UV or Microwaves?

  36. Which is shorter, UV or Microwaves? Ultraviolet

  37. B. The shorter the wavelength, the more dangerous the type of electromagnetic energy is to living things. 6. Speed of Electromagnetic Energy A. ALL TYPES of electromagnetic energy travel at the speed of light. 186,000 miles/sec 300,000 kilometers/sec

  38. 7. Temperature and Electromagnetic Energy A. The HOTTER the material, the more electromagnetic energy it gives off. Ex: What gives off more electromagnetic energy, an object at 100oF or an object at 500oF? Answer: 500oF

  39. 8. Methods of Energy Transfer A. Conduction 1) In conduction, energy is transferred by the direct touching of particles. 2) Conduction is common in metals. Metal bar (circles are atoms) Atoms touch atoms to move the heat Ex: frying pan on a stove.

  40. B. Convection 1) In convection, energy is transferred by the actual movement of a substance carrying the heat. 2) Convection occurs most easily in fluids. a) Warm fluids >>> less dense b) Cold fluids >>> more dense Reason: Heat causes atoms to speed up and spread out, making them less dense. Ex: Warm air (or water) rises, cold air (or water) sinks.

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