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AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqI

AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqI. AiDAwpk dw nwm – vIr pwl kOr klws – A`TvIN AiDAwey nM- 12 skUl dw nwm – s.h.s gurny klW. pUrv igAwn. AMgryzI SwSn kwl dw smW kdoN qoN kdoN q`k sI? AMgryzW ny Bwrq iv`c ikhVy-2 kMm kIqy? AMgryzI SwSn kwl dOrwn BwrqI lokW dw mu`K ik`qw kI sI?

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AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqI

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  1. AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqI AiDAwpk dw nwm – vIr pwl kOr klws – A`TvIN AiDAwey nM- 12 skUl dw nwm – s.h.s gurny klW

  2. pUrv igAwn • AMgryzI SwSn kwl dw smW kdoN qoN kdoN q`k sI? • AMgryzW ny Bwrq iv`c ikhVy-2 kMm kIqy? • AMgryzI SwSn kwl dOrwn BwrqI lokW dw mu`K ik`qw kI sI? • AMgryzW ny BwrqI KyqIbwVI leI ikhVIAW-2 nIqIAW ApxweIAW?

  3. AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqI • Bwrq iv`c AMgryzW dIAW KyqIbwVI sbMDI nIqIAW dw mu`K audyS Bwrq iv`coN v`D qoN v`D Dn ie`kTw krnw sI[ • lgwn pRxwlI iv`c vI AMgryzW ny ies audyS nMU mu`K r`Kdy hoey Bwrq iv`c v`K-2 lgwn pRxwlIAW lwgU kIqIAW sn[

  4. auhnW dw mu`K audyS Bwrq iv`coN v`D qoN v`D Dn ie`kTw krnw sI[

  5. Tyky qy BUmI dyx dw pRbMD • Lwrf vwrn hysitMgz ny lgwn ie`kTw krn leI pMj swlW Tyky dw pRbMD kIqw ijs Anuswr sB qoN v`D bolI dyx vwilAW nMU pMj swlW leI BUmI kr ie`kTw krn dw AiDkwr id`qw igAw[ • 1777 eI. iv`c aus ny pMj swlW Tyky dI QW ie`k swl pRbMD SurU kIqw[ Tykydwr ikswnW nMU bhuq lu`tdy sn[ • ies krky lwrf kwrnvwils ny 1793 eI: iv`c bMgwl Aqy ibhwr dy pRwqW iv`c sQweI bMdobsq pRbMD SurU kIqw[

  6. lwrf vwrn hysitMgz

  7. lwrf kwrnvwils

  8. sQweI bMdobsq • ies pRbMD Anuswr izMmIdwrW nMU hmySw leI BUmI dy mwlk bxw id`qw igAw[ • auhnW duAwrw srkwr nMU id`qw jwx vwlw lgwn inSicq kr id`qw[ • izMmIdwr inSicq lgwn dI rwSI srkwrI ^zwny iv`c jmHW krvwauNdy sn[ • jykr auh iksy kwrx krky Aijhw nhIN krdy sn qW srkwr auhnW dI zmIn dw ku`J ih`sw vyc ky lgwn dI rkm pUrI kr lYNdI sI[

  9. izMmIdwr bhuq KuS sn[

  10. sQweI bMdobsq dy lwB • ies bMdobsq kwrn izMmIdwr BUmI dy mwlk bx gey[ • eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dI Awmdn inSicq ho geI[ • izMmIdwr AmIr ho gey sn Aqy auhnW ny audXog nMU sQwpq krn Aqy vpwr dw ivkws krn leI Dn Krc kIqw[ • Lgwn dw mslw hmySw leI h`l ho igAw[ • izMmIdwrW dy XqnW nwl KyqI-bwVI dw bhuq ivkws hoieAw[

  11. izMmIdwrW ny audXog nMU sQwpq kIqy

  12. sQweI bMdobsq dy doS • izMmIdwr ikswnW au~qy bhuq Aiq`Awcwr krdy sn[ • Srkwr nMU ies nwl AwriQk hwnI hoeI ikauNik aus dI Awmdn qW inSicq sI pRqMU aus dw ^rc v`D irhw sI[ • krW dw boJ KyqI-bwVI nw krn vwly hor DMdy dy lokW au~qy pYx l`gw[ srkwr dw ikswnW nwl koeI is`Dw sMprk nhIN sI[ • sQweI bMdobsq ny bhuq swry izMmIdwrW nMU AwlsI Aqy AYS-psMd bxw id`qw[

  13. r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD • 1820 eI. iv`c Qwms munro ny mdrws Aqy muMbeI iv`c r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqw[ • ies pRbMD dy Anuswr srkwr ny is`Dw ikswnW qoN BUmI lgwn lYx dw PYslw kIqw[ • ikswnW nMU zmInW dy mwlk bxw id`qw igAw[ • ies pRbMD Anuswr BUmI kr dI rkm hryk 20 qoN 30 swlW ip`CoN vDw id`qI jWdI hY[

  14. r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD dy lwB • ies Anuswr bMdobsq izMmIdwrW dI bjwey is`Dw ikswnW nwl kIqw igAw[ • ikswnW nMU zmInW dy mwlk bxw id`qw igAw[ • dUjw, ies pRbMD Anuswr srkwr dI Awmdn iv`c pihlW nwloN vwDw hoieAw[ • ikswnW dw lgwn iniScq kr id`qw igAw jo pYdwvwr dw 40% qoN 55% q`k huMdw sI[

  15. r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD dy doS • r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD ADIn izMmIdwrW dI bjwey srkwr ikswnW dw SoSx krdI sI[ • ikswnW qoN aupj dw kw&I ih`sw lgwn dy rUp iv`c lY ilAw jWdw sI[ • grIb ikswnW nMu lgwn dI rkm Adw krn leI SwhUkwrW qoN krzw lYx bdly AwpxIAW zmInW gihxy r`KxIAW pYNdIAW sn[

  16. srkwr ikswnW dw SoSx krdI sI

  17. mihlvwVI pRbMD • ies pRbMD Anuswwr srkwr nMu lgwn dyx dI izMmyvwrI swry BweIcwry dI huMdI sI[ • ieh pRbMD lMby smyN leI kIqw jWdw sI[ • ies pRbMD nMU sB qoN cMgw mMinAw jWdw sI[ • ies iv`c pihly donW sQweI bMdobsq Aqy r`eIAqvwVI pRbMDW dy gux Swml sn[ • ies pRbMD dw mu`K doS ieh sI ik ies Anuswr lokW nMU bhuq izAwdw BUmI lgwn dyxw pYNdw sI[

  18. AMgryzW dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqIAW dw pRBwv • Bwrq iv`c AMgryzW duAwrw pRcilq kIqI geI lgwn ivvsQw kwrn ikswnW au~qy zulm hox l`gI[ • srkwr izMmIdwrW nMU ikswnW Aqy muzwirAW au~qy A`iqAwcwr krn qoN nhI rokdI sI[ • ijhVy KyqrW iv`c r`ieAqvwVI Aqy mihlvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqy gey sn, au~Qy izMmIdwrW dI bjwey srkwr Awp ikswnW dw SoSx krdI sI[

  19. ikswnW au~qy zulm hox l`gy

  20. ies dy ielwvw zmIn dy in`jI sMpqI bx jwx kwrn zmIn dI hOlI-2 pirvwr dy mYNbrW iv`c vMf huMdI geI[ • ijs kwrn auhnW dI AwriQk hwlwq bhuq Krwb ho geI sI[ • Asl iv`c AMgryzI srkwr dIAW KyqI-bwVI sbMDI nIqIAW dw mu~K audyS BUmI lgwn duAwrw v`D qoN v`D lwB pRwpq krnw Aqy swmrwjI ih`qW dI r`iKAw krnw sI[

  21. ikRSI dw vxzIkrx • Bwrq iv`c AMgryzI Swsn dI sQwpnw qoN pihlW BwrqI lokW dw mu`K ik`qw KyqI-bwVI krnw sI[ • KyqI-bwVI ipMf dy lokW dIAW loVW nMU pUrw krn leI kIqI jWdI sI[ • pRqMU Bwrq iv`c AMgryzI rwj ho jwx nwl ipMfW dI Awqm-inrBr ArQ ivvsQw nMU bhuq nukswn hoieAw[ • AMgryzW duAwrw lwgU kIqI geI BUmI lgwn pRxwlI Anuswr ikswnW nMU lgwn dy qOr qy inSicq rkm smyN isr srkwr nMU dyxI pYNdI sI[

  22. BwrqI dw mu`K ik`qw KyqI-bwVI

  23. auhnW dw audyS &slW qoN v`D-2 Dn kmwauxw ho igAw sI[ • ikswn hux kpwh, kxk, qyl dy bIj, gMnw Aqy ptsn Awid &slW pYdw krn lgy ikauNik iehnW dI mMfIAW iv`c bhuq mMg sI[ • ieMglYNf iv`c audXoigk kRWqI Awaux kwrn au~Qy sQwpq kIqy gey kwrKwinAW leI k`cy mwl dI bhuq lOV sI[ • ies krky AMgryzI srkwr ny KyqI-bwVI Bwv ikRSI dw vxjIkrx surU kr id`qw, jo pMjwb, bMgwl, gujrwq, KwndyS Aqy brwr Awid KyqrW iv`c sB qoN v`D hoieAw sI[

  24. AiBAws

  25. KwlI QwvW Bro • _________ eI. iv`c aus ny pMj swlW Tyky dI QW ie`k swl pRbMD SurU kIqw[ • _________ ny lgwn ie`kTw krn leI pMj swlW Tyky dw pRbMD kIqw[ • _________ iv`c Qwms munro ny mdrws Aqy muMbeI iv`c r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqw[ • ikswnW dw lgwn iniScq kr id`qw igAw jo pYdwvwr dw ______ qoN _____ q`k huMdw sI[

  26. KwlI QwvW Bro • 1777 eI. iv`c aus ny pMj swlW Tyky dI QW ie`k swl pRbMD SurU kIqw[ • Lwrf vwrn hysitMgz ny lgwn ie`kTw krn leI pMj swlW Tyky dw pRbMD kIqw[ • 1820 eI: iv`c Qwms munro ny mdrws Aqy muMbeI iv`c r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqw[ • ikswnW dw lgwn iniScq kr id`qw igAw jo pYdwvwr dw 40% qoN 55% q`k huMdw sI[

  27. shI jW glq • sQweI bMdobsq kwrn izMmIdwr BUmI dy mwlk bx gey[ • 1825 eI. iv`c Qwms munro ny mdrws Aqy muMbeI iv`c r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqw[ • ikswnW dw lgwn iniScq kr id`qw igAw jo pYdwvwr dw 45% qoN 65% q`k huMdw sI[ • ies krky lwrf kwrnvwils ny 1793 eI: iv`c bMgwl Aqy ibhwr dy pRwqW iv`c sQweI bMdobsq pRbMD SurU kIqw[

  28. shI jW glq • sQweI bMdobsq kwrn izMmIdwr BUmI dy mwlk bx gey[ (shI) • 1825 eI. iv`c Qwms munro ny mdrws Aqy muMbeI iv`c r`eIAqwvwVI pRbMD lwgU kIqw[ (glq) • ikswnW dw lgwn iniScq kr id`qw igAw jo pYdwvwr dw 45% qoN 65% q`k huMdw sI[ (glq) • ies krky lwrf kwrnvwils ny 1793 eI: iv`c bMgwl Aqy ibhwr dy pRwqW iv`c sQweI bMdobsq pRbMD SurU kIqw[ (shI)

  29. pRSnwvlI • sQweI bMdobsq iks ny, kdoN Aqy ikQy SurU kIqw sI? • r`eIAqvwVI pRbMD iks ny, kdoN Aqy ikQy-2 SurU kIqw? • mihlvwVI pRbMD ikhVy iqMn KyqrW iv`c lwgU kIqw igAw? • ikRSI vxzIkrx ikvyN hoieAw? • ikRSI vxzIkrx dIAW do mu~K &slW ikhVIAW sn?

  30. mu`KsRoq pMjwb skUl is`iKAw borf dI A`TvIN klws dI smwijk is`iKAw dI pwT pusqk iv`coN [ http://img2.chakpak.com/se_images/40133_-1_564_none/lagaan.jpg http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/7/Cornwallis_19534.jpg http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/30/DukeWellington_21356.jpg

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