Reproduction: Anatomy and Puberty

1. Reproduction: Anatomy and Puberty

2. Before we begin… • We need to be mature and respectful during this unit. • If you have questions, ask! • Why do we need to know the Male and Female Reproductive Systems?

3. Male Reproductive System

4. Functions • To produce, store, and deliver sperm • Sperm – male reproductive cell • How many chromosomes are in each human sperm cell? • How many chromosomes are in EVERY OTHER CELL of the human body?

5. Sperm

13. Penis

14. External Reproductive Organs • Testes – two small glands that secrete testosterone and produce sperm • Scrotum – sac which houses the testes. • Penis – tube-shaped organ that extends from the body just above the testes

15. The male penis… • When penis becomes erect, semen can be ejected from the body • Semen – thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions • A series of muscular contractions occurs, thus creating an ejaculation – expulsion of semen from the male penis. • Nocturnal Emissions may occur – ejaculation that occurs during sleep. This is perfectly normal!

16. Internal Organs • Epididymis – tube above the testis in which sperm is matured and stored • Vas Deferens – long tube which carries sperm to an organ called the seminal vesicle

17. Internal Organs • Prostate gland – secretions from this gland combine with the sperm to form semen. • Seminal Vesicle – produces fluid that mixes with sperm to nourish the sperm and make it more mobile • These three are known as accessory glands. • Semen exits the body through the urethra

20. 5 Ways to Keep the Male Reproductive System Healthy 1. Bathe regularly 2. Wear protective athletic equipment 3. Practice abstinence – not having sex before marriage to avoid STDs 4. Perform self-exams to check for cancer 5. Get regular check-ups!

21. 1. Bathe regularly • All males should wash pubic area with soap and water

22. 2. Wear protective athletic equipment • Males should use a cup with an athletic supporter during sports to prevent injury.

23. 3. Practice abstinence before marriage • This will help you avoid STDs • This will help protect you against the emotional and personal injury premature sex can cause

24. 4. Perform self-exams • To check for testicular cancer

25. 5. Get regular check-ups! • You should see a doctor at least twice year for a routine physical examination

26. Problems with male reproductive health • Cancer • Testicular cancer • Occurs mostly between ages of 14-40 • Mostly treatable with early detection • Prostate cancer • The prostate gland can become enlarged due to tumors • The earlier you detect this, the greater the chance of recovery. • Sterility – inability to reproduce • Result of too few sperm or sperm of poor quality • May be caused by: • Exposure to chemicals, lead, x-rays, radiation • Hormonal imbalances, STDs, steroids

27. Puberty in Males • During early teen years (9-15) the male body starts to produce testosterone– a hormone. • Testosterone triggers many physical changes • Broader shoulders • Development of muscles • Facial/body hair (pubic, underarm, leg) • Deep Voice • Growth and maturation of genitalia • These changes are called “secondary sex characteristics” • After puberty, a male is capable of producing sperm for the rest of his life.

28. Females

29. Functions 1. Produce female hormones – estrogen and progesterone 2. Storage and production of eggs

30. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

31. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

32. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

33. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

34. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

35. Allows for birth & menstrual flow

36. Parts and functions 1. Ovaries – female sex glands that store ova (eggs) and produce female sex hormones. 2. Uterus – hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ that nourishes and protects fetus 3. Fallopian Tubes – pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw in the egg (ovum)

37. More parts and functions • Cervix – opening of the uterus 6. Vagina – muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

38. To put it in perspective…

39. What is ovulation? • Ovulation – the process of releasing a mature egg into the fallopian tube each month.

40. Ovulation (releasing of Ovum)

41. Menstruation • 1. Menstruation is the shedding of the lining of the uterus (or endometrium). • 2. When females mature and go through puberty, the uterus prepares each month for possible pregnancy by increasing bloodflow to the endometrium causing the walls to thicken. • 3. If no fertilization takes place, endometrium deteriorates and leaves the body – this is called menstrual flow.

44. Menstruation • Most females begin their menstrual cycle between ages of 8-14. • Hormones control menstrual cycle • Cycles can be irregular or regular • Stress, illness, low body weight, and poor nutrition can impact the cycle. • Menstruation occurs from the onset of puberty until menopause – end of a female’s productive years (usually 45-55 years old)

45. Menstruation Cycle • Days 1-4: Lining of the uterus sloughs off and the dead tissue and blood leave the body • Days 5-12: Lining of the uterus repairs itself and menstrual flow stops • Days 13-15: Ovulation occurs (release of egg from ovary) PREGNANCY MOST OFTEN OCCURS AT THIS TIME!!! • Days 16-25: The lining of the uterus again thickens • Days 26-28: The lining breaks down and is about to leave the body.

46. Menstruation (period) Uterus lining gets even thicker Uterus gets ready for the egg Ovulation (egg is released)

47. Four ways to keep the female reproductive system healthy • Bathe regularly • Regular checkups • Practice abstinence • Self-exams

48. 1. Bathe regularly • Shower often, using only water (not soap) in your genital area • Be sure to wash very carefully during menstruation • Be careful about using clean and frequently replacing used sanitary napkins during your period

49. 2. Regular checkups • Doctors will help keep your reproductive health good. As you grow older, you may have to have pap smears and mammograms to check for cervical and breast cancer

50. 3. Practice abstinence • Refrain from sexual activity until marriage to protect against STDs as well as the emotional and mental damage premature sex can cause