AP World Midterm

1. AP World Midterm

2. Classical Civ’s • India/South Asia = GUPTA • International trade flourished • Sanskrit- many Hindu religious works were committed to writing which promoted literacy and questioning. • Fostered education esp. mathematics and astronomy (numerals, zero, algebra) • Literature (Tamil), art, and architecture flourished. • Merchants from all over the world settled in India.

3. Sumer • Mesopotamia • Ziggurats = dwelling places for the gods and kings, not places of worship. • Hieroglyphs – cuneiform • Wheel, military technology, irrigation, hammers, daggers, bronze.

4. Indus • Mohenjo-Daro = well advanced, at its height maybe 5 million people, grids of streets, social organization, hot and cold water, indoor plumbing, sewage system pumped into river. • Harrappa = well laid out streets, cotton woven and died, wheat and rice cultivated, sewage systems.

5. China • Shang = Yellow River Valley, created pictoral and ideographic writing system that China still uses today, bronze, oracle bones, followed by Zhou Dynasty ( Chinese Philosophies: Confucius, Daoism) • Han Dynasty: silk was woven, Silk Road, clocks, calenders, military prowess, constant invasion and need for protection led to crisis (similar to Roman Empire)

6. Belief SystemsHinduism • Polytheistic- 3,000 gods and goddesses • Passed on for centuries by oral tradition= no single written source • Veda= collection of prayer, hymns • Ramayana = Sanskrit epic, nature of relationships • Caste system- Brahmins (priests), kshatriyas (warriors, princes), vaisyas (merchants, small landowners), shudras (landless peasants and artisans), untouchables. • Dharma, karma right conduct • Sati- gender status in society?

7. Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha “enlightened one” • Four Noble Truths: nature of suffering, eliminate all desire, follow the Eightfold Path. • Extinguish all desire = nirvana • Launched the first large scale missionary efforts in the history of world religions.

8. Monotheistic Religion • Judaism: Torah • Christianity: Bible, Old and New Testament, Missionary (Europeans spread to all parts of world through trade, conquest) Africa: Egypt and Ethiopia • Islam: Mohammad, Allah (same GOD), Q’uran, Five Pillars of Faith (Hajj = pilgrimmage to Mecca),quickly spread and became a world religion: missionary. Dar Al Islam = “world of Islam) belief of a united Islamic Empire, part of a larger Islamic World. • Sunni, Shi’a, Ulama (more conservative approach to law (sharia) and text), Sufi (mysticism)

9. Religions and Beliefs • Confucianism: hierarchies, ancestor worship, education, family, filial piety. • Neo-confucianism: Song and Qing Dynasty, attempt to merge Confucian, Daoist and Buddhist Beliefs. • Sikhism: north India, rejects caste system, blending of new and Hindu beliefs. • Protestant Reformation: Protestants, Luther, Christian disunity.

10. Silk Road and Religion • Carried more than Silk • Buddhism and Zoroastrianism (Persian based) traveled to China. Means of diverse cultures and religions entering China.

11. Mongols • Conquered Persia, China, Russia, India, and much of the Middle East. • Too large to be ruled by one person, split into four khanates. Most famous was Kublai Khan. • Khan and Marco Polo: many special missions to China, Burma, India. Amazed by the use of paper currency replacing gold and silver, efficient communication system and bathhouses (3x a week, almost everyday in winter, men of rank in own homes)

12. West Africa • Ghana: the Gold Coast, gold, metal, cotton, leather exchanged for salt, horses, textiles. • Swahili: language developed for people of mixed tongue to communicate for trade purposes.

13. Do you know? • Fall of the Roman Empire- Western falls but Eastern half (Byzantium) survives. Why? • Patriarchal v. Matriarchal society • Crusades: What were the motives and impact? • Impact of Gunpowder- trade, India, Arabs, Europeans. • Columbian Exchange: What went where? Eastern and Western Hemisphere. Slaves, food, flora, disease • Impact of Columbian Exchange on world population. China 100 million in 1500, 225 million people by 1750 (largest). • Impact of Portuguese bringing sugar production to Americas (Brazil) in 16th c – previously been produced mainly by Arabs in South and Southeast Asia. Very labor intensive: need for labor. • Impact of the slave trade on Africa. Most slaves captured and traded in West Africa. Gender ratios, tribal rivalries, slave raids in exchange for European weaponry • Impact of Potosi and silver: led to rise of Europe, became part of trade in Asia, SEast Asia and Indian Ocean Basin.

14. Do you know? • Abbasid Dynasty at its height and why did it fall? • Why was Cortes able to defeat Aztecs? Yes they had more advance weapons and horses….think Dona Marina and alliances. • Renaissance in Italy: Impact on Church and politics • Absolutism: Louis XIV (Sun King, Versailles), Louis XVI (French Revolution), Peter the Great (Westernization, army and navy, shave beards), Catherine the Great (enlightened despot, expanded borders, goal to aid oppressed serfs, Pugachev’s Rebellion, abandoned all reform attempts after the rebellion, partition of Poland) • French Revolution causes and effects; Napoleon, Congress of Vienna- Radical phase = fear of outside rebellion that Louis XVI was conspiring with other monarchs to invade and squash the Revolution, levee en masse to increase army to protect from outside invasion.

15. Do you know? • China ready to dominate world trade??? Voyages of Zheng He to Indian Ocean Basin..Why were they stopped? Successful? • Italian city states like Venice and the Ottomans dominated Mediterranean trade during 16th c. • What a janissary is? Catholics from Balkan nations who were forced to convert to Islam. What job or service did they perform? • Concept of Social Darwinism and its impact on Imperialism (White Mans Burden) • Purpose of Chinese foot binding?..What are harems?

16. Do You know? • Japan and its reactions to Imperialism: Tokugawa shoguns isolation until about 1850, Impact of Matthew Perry, Treaty of Kanagawa, Shogun overthrow in 1868, from shoguns to Emperor (previously been a figure head), willingness to sponsor reform Meiji Restoration (what reforms made?), Japanese Imperialism (Sino- Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War) • China and its reaction to Imperialism of West: Qing Dynasty, trade surplus until Opium, Opium War, Treaty of Nanjing (open ports, lost Hong Kong, extraterritoriality (following laws of your country not one living in)), Spheres of Influence, Self-Strengthening Movement (success or failure?), Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, Fall of Qing Dynasty, Sun Yat Sen President (Three Principles: Democracy, Nationalism, Livelihood)

17. Do You Know? • Both Russia (Sergei Witte) and Japan (Meiji) were similar in that by 1914 the had both underwent state sponsored industrialization. Fought in a war vs. each other 1904-05. • Industrial Revolution: Impact on imperialism and “Scramble for Africa”, middle class women withdrew from formal jobs and into the home, most working women of the time were single, eliminated the slave trade, search for colonies, markets, missionary work and raw materials • Impact of urbanization, population growth due to reforms and Agricultural Rev, formation of labor unions, rise in overall standard of living and expansion of middle class. • Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto: socialism over evils of capitalism, history of class struggle, revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat (working class).