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Physics of Particle Accelerators Kalanand Mishra Department of Physics University of Cincinnati

Physics of Particle Accelerators Kalanand Mishra Department of Physics University of Cincinnati. How a Particle Accelerator Works. Speed up particle with E/M field Smash particles into target or other particles Record collisions with detectors Able to identify product particles.

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Physics of Particle Accelerators Kalanand Mishra Department of Physics University of Cincinnati

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  1. Physics of Particle Accelerators Kalanand Mishra Department of Physics University of Cincinnati

  2. How a Particle Accelerator Works • Speed up particle with E/M field • Smash particles into target or other particles • Record collisions with detectors • Able to identify product particles

  3. Physics of a Particle Accelerator • Beam production • Bunching • Electron guns • Beam focusing • Colliding and Detecting

  4. Electron Beam Thermoionic Emission Beam production

  5. Proton Beam Ionizing Hydrogen • Glow Discharge Column • From H- Ion

  6. Other Beams Secondary Beams: • Proton • Antiproton • Other Particle Beams

  7. Bunching Bring the Particles in phase. As spread out beam gives fewer collisions than a narrowly focused one, e- & e+ bunches are sent into damping rings (e-to north, e+ to south).

  8. Colliding • Fixed target • E = (2mEp) • Colliding beam • E = 2Ep

  9. Beam Focusing u As spread out beam gives fewer collisions than a narrowly focused one, e- & e+ beams have to be focused. u This is done by bent magnets.

  10. Two Types • Linear Path • Travel once • Circular Path • Travel several times

  11. Linear Accelerator

  12. LINAC Operation

  13. Methods of Acceleration in Linear Accelerator SLC Polarized Electron Gun

  14. Methods of Acceleration in Linear Accelerator • Basic idea • Synchronization • Length of the tube • Shielding

  15. LINAC cont’d Klystron: Microwave generator 1. Electron gun produces a flow of electrons. 2. Bunching cavities regulate speed of electrons so that bunches arrive at the output cavity. 3. Bunches of electrons excite microwaves in output cavity of the klystron. 4. Microwaves flow into the waveguide , which transports them to the accelerator. 5. Electrons are absorbed in beam stop.

  16. Overall Operation of LINAC Electrons are Accelerated in a Copper Structure Bunches of electrons are accelerated in the copper structure of the linac in much the same way as a surfer is pushed along by a wave.

  17. Klystron Operation • E/M waves that push the electrons in the linac are created by higher energy versions of the microwaves used in the microwave ovens in our kitchens. • The microwaves from the klystrons in the Klystron Gallery are fed into the accelerator via waveguides. • This creates a pattern of E&B fields, which form an E/M wave traveling down the accelerator.

  18. LINAC Structure The 2-mile SLAC linear accelerator (linac) is made from over 80,000 copper discs and cylinders brazed together. • Microwaves set up currents that cause E pointing along accelerator and B in a circle around interior of accelerator. • Want e- and e+ to arrive in each cavity at right time to get max. push from E. • e+ needs to arrive when field polarity is opposite.

  19. Circular Accelerator

  20. Methods of Acceleration in Circular Accelerator Cyclotron • The Ds • Electric field across the gap • Circular orbit • Increasing radius

  21. Cyclotron • The maximum speed a proton could have in a dee of radius R and strength B is given by (ignoring relativistic effects.) vm = BeR / mp

  22. Methods of Acceleration in Circular Accelerator Synchrotron (synchro-cyclotron) • Electromagnetic resonant cavity • Magnetic field for circular orbit • Field synchronization with increasing particle energy • Synchrotron radiation • Storage ring

  23. Synchrotron • The radius of curvature of the path of particles of momentum p and charge q in a synchrotron is given by the formula R = p / q B where B is the field strength. • If a synchrotron of radius R has 4 straight sections of length L each and period of the radio frequency oscillator corresponds to the time of one revolution then (a) The speed of the particles is v = ( 2pR + 4L ) f

  24. Synchrotron (b) By considering the relativistic momentum of particles of mass M, the magnetic field strength of the synchrotron is given by where f is the frequency.

  25. Storage Rings • Similar to a synchrotron, but designed to keep particles circulating at const. energy not increase energy further • SPEAR : 3 GeV • PEP I : 9 GeV • PEP II : e- 9 GeV e+ 3.1 GeV

  26. Detection • Tracking bubble, radiation • Tracking curvature (charged particle)

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