Video recording:

1. Video recording: A data collection method TOOL 5100

2. Video-based research • Emphasis on describing in detail the “wholeness” of what is going on in a particular activity or situation. • Video-based Interaction Analysis (Jordan and Henderson,1995), consists of : • the in-depth micro-analysis of how people interact with one another, • their physical environment, • and the documents, artifacts, and technologies in that environment. • Jordan (1992) used video data to explicate how authoritative knowledge is distributed in two highly technologized settings: • an airline operations room, where knowledge is continually jointly produced • and a hospital setting, where it is vested in the technology and the physician.

3. Capturing Complex, Distributed Activities: Video-Based Interaction Analysis as a Component of Workplace Ethnography Karen Ruhleder & Brigitte Jordan 1997

4. Advantages of Video-Based Interaction Analysis • creates a permanent data corpus • provides access to behavior invisible without replay technology • captures complex data • counteracts certain forms of recorder bias • counteracts bias of the individual analyst • avoids the say/do problem • provides access to members' categories and world view • exposes mechanisms and antecedents

5. Problems in Capturing and Analyzing Video-Based Data • Individuals are concerned about confidentiality • Companies are concerned about confidentiality • Video-based Interaction Analysis is time consuming and expensive • Video-based data is difficult to work with • Incorporating screen-capture ups the ante on time, expertise and complexity • Camera effects may arise

6. Advantages  • The ability to document nonverbal behavior and interpersonal communication (facial expressions and emotions). • It preserves the activity as it’s unfolding, so that the data material can be validated by other researchers. • Viewing it several times • Comments from others • Captures multiple views of a situation. • Enables the researcher to participate in the activity

7. Limitations  • Do the recordings manipulate the reality? • Note: without an exceptionally wide-angled lens, no camera can record all activity in a classroom • Capturing too much can also be a problem • Confidentiality can be a problem • Time consuming and expensive • Large amount of data • Expensive equipment • Subjects may get influenced by the presence of a camera

8. Considerations prior to recording 1: • Unit of analysis • Formulating a research problem  unit of analysis • The most elementary part of a phenomenon to be studied, and will influence • Research design • Data collection • Analysis • Individuals vs. groups • Distributed?

9. Considerations prior to recording 2: • Establish guidelines for confidentiality and obtain permission for videotaping from each participant. • Rules for videotaping children under the age of 18. • Rules for confidentiality concerning storage of data material. • Norwegian Social Science Data Services is helpful here (www.nsd.uib.no) • Informs and gives advise on both ethical and legal issues • Reviews research projects and gives recommendations with regard to the collection as well as the future storage and reuse of personal data.

10. Considerations prior to recording 3: • Camera angle and settings • Tripod, handheld or a number of cameras? • Audible and visual conditions • Wireless microphone • Sunlight • Recordings of the activity on the computer screen • flickering can be a problem • Additional observation can work as a supplement

11. Short intro in use of camera and accessories at InterMedia Presentation of the case for today… Plan how to carry out the video recording Simulation (drama ) Take a look at the recordings Questions…? Further work for today:

12. Case • A group of two and two work together at one computer • We use Confluence • The task: • Use sources at the internet to find out about advantages and limitations in use of video recordings of children under the age of 18. • Post this in a space in Confluence • Two people uses the camera and facilitate the recordings

13. Check-list: • Research problem – Unit of analysis • Guidelines and confidentiality • Camera angle and settings (tripod, handheld…) • Audible and visual conditions • Activity on the computer screen?