DO NOW

1. DO NOW • WHY IS EMBALMING OR PRESERVING THE BODY OFTEN A PART OF OUR RITUALS DURING DEATH AND FUNERALS? • WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT TO THE EGYPTIANS? • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 48-49 UNDER THE SECTION “THE PYRAMIDS”

2. DO NOW • Describe what the artifacts pictured on the bottom right corner tell you about royal Egyptian life. How do the Egyptian tools compare to the Paleolithic tools shown on the bottom left corner?

3. DO NOW • IN WHAT WAYS HAS EGYPTIAN MUMMIFICATION IMPACTED OUR MODERN DAY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES

4. DO NOW • WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS IN ARTS AND SCIENCE BY THE EGYPTIANS? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 52-53 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “ACHIEVEMENTS IN ART AND SCIENCE”

5. DO NOW • WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS IN ARTS AND SCIENCE BY THE EGYPTIANS? HOW DO THEY IMPACT OUR SOCIETY TODAY? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR IN YOUR NOTES • Agreement • I agree with (person) that________ because….. • I agree with (person) and I would like to add_____ • Confusion • I don’t understand what you mean. Can you explain your idea a little more? • Are you saying that_______? • Opinion • I wonder_________ • I just realized______

6. Chapter 2 India

7. 1. India subcontinent 1. Is composed of a number of core regions including mountain ranges, river valleys, a dry interior plateau, and fertile coastal plains Section 1: Early Civilization in India

9. MAP OF INDIA

10. 2. Himalaya 3. Ganges River 4. Indus River 5. Deccan plateau 2. The highest mountain ranges in the world (Mt. Everest) 3. South of the Himalaya 4. west of Ganges river valley which houses a dry plateau 5. A dry plateau that extends from the Ganges Valley to the southern tip of India In the far north are the Himalaya. Directly south of the Himalaya is the rich valley of the Ganges River, one of the chief regions of Indian culture. To the west is the Indus River valley, a relatively dry plateau that forms the backbone of the modern state of Pakistan. South of India’s two major river valleys—the valleys of the Ganges and the and the Indus lies the Deccan plateau. The interior of the plateau is relatively hilly and dry. India’s eastern and western coasts are lush plains. These plains have historically been among the most densely populated regions of India.

11. Himalaya: Mt. Everest 29,035 ft

14. Himalayas

15. 6. monsoon 6. a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia; which bring heavy rains for crops during the summer. The primary feature of India’s climate is the monsoon. The primary feature of India’s climate is the monsoon, a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia. One monsoon blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer and another blows cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter. The Southwest monsoon brings heavy rains, and throughout history Indian farmers have depended on these rains to grow their crops. If the rain comes early or late, or too much or too little rain falls, crops are destroyed and thousands starve.

16. Monsoons in India

17. Map of Monsoons in India

18. India’s First Civilization • As in Mesopotamia and Egypt, early civilization in India and China emerged in river valleys. Between 3000 B.C.E. and 1500 B.C.E., the valleys of the Indus River supported a flourishing civilization that extended hundreds of miles from the Himalaya to the coast of the Arabian Sea. Archaeologists have found the remains of more than a thousand settlements in this region. Two of the ruins, about 400 miles apart, were sites of what once were the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. An advanced civilization flourished in these cities for hundreds of years. Historians call it Harappan or Indus civilization.

19. 7. Indus River 8. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 7. where India’s civilization began; flooded every year 8. two major cities which contained broad streets, courtyards, advanced drainage systems and street level garbage bins At its height, both cities had about 35,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Both cities were carefully planned. These cities were protected by city walls, their homes could reach up to three stories; they contained broad streets that ran in a north-south direction and were crossed by smaller east-west roads. Public wells were provided a regular supply of fresh water for all the inhabitants. Bathrooms featured an advanced drainage system. Wastewater flowed to drains located under the streets and then was carried to sewage pits beyond the city walls. A system of chutes took household trash from houses to street-level garbage bins.

20. 9. theocracy 10. economy 9. rulers who based their power on divine assistance 10. based primarily on farming (wheat, barely, and peas) Indus River flooded every year providing rich soil for the growing of wheat, barely, and peas, the chief crops India’s Government and Economy:Religion and political power were closely linked. The fact that the royal palace and the holy temple were combined in the citadel, or fortress, at Harappa shows this close connection. Priests at court probably prayed to a god or goddesses of fertility to guarantee the annual harvest.

21. 11. trade 11. Indus valley carried on extensive trade with city-states of Mesopotamia Imports: Textiles and food Exports: copper, lumber, precious stones, cotton, and various types of luxury goods Much of this trade was carried by ship via the Persian Gulf, although some undoubtedly went by land. The Indus valley civilization also carried on extensive trade with city-states in Mesopotamia. Textiles and food were imported from the Sumerian city-states in exchange for copper, lumber, precious stones, cotton, and various types of luxury goods. Much of this trade was carried by ship via the Persian Gulf, although some undoubtedly went by land.

22. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES IN COMPARISON TO THE NILE RIVER IN COMPARISON TO THE INDUS RIVER. • EXPLAIN THE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE RIVERS AS IT RELATES TO FARMING (SYSTEMATIC AGRICULTURE) • WHICH CIVILIZATIONS AROSE NEAR THESE RIVERS?

23. DO NOW • EVERY EARLY CIVILIZATION’S ECONOMY IS BASED PRIMARILY ON WHAT?????????? EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS SO. • HOW IS IT DIFFERENT COMPARED TO THE FOCUS OF OUR ECONOMY TODAY?

24. 12. Aryans (1500 B.C.E.) 13. Hindu Kush 12. Group of nomadic people who settled in the plains of northern India (Indo-Europeans) 13. mountain range in between the Amu Darya river and Indus river Eventually, floods, an earthquake, changes in climate, and even a change in the course of the Indus River weakened the once flourishing civilization in the Indus River Valley. Around 1500 B.C., a group of nomadic peoples known as the Aryans moved south across the Hindu Kush mountain range into the plains of northern India. The Aryans were not a race or ethnic group. They were part of a larger group of people historians refer to as the Indo-Europeans.

25. 14. Sanskrit (1000 B.C.E.) 15. rajas 14. Language of the Aryan group 15. Aryan leaders (princes) Note: at this time India was a world of small kingdoms Organized in groups, the Aryans were a pastoral people with a strong warrior tradition. After settling in India, the Aryans gave up the pastoral life for regular farming. Like most nomadic peoples, the Aryans had no written language. The Aryans developed their first writing system, based on their language, Sanskirt, by 1000 B.C. Having a written language enabled them to begin writing down the legends and religious chants and rituals that had been passed down orally from earlier generations.

26. DO NOW • WHAT ARE MONSOONS? EXPLAIN THE WEATHER PATTERN OF MONSOONS. HOW DOES THE MONSOON AFFECT INDIAN FARMERS? EXPLAIN THE FARMER’S DEPENDENCY ON MONSOONS. • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 71-72 UNDER THE SECTION “THE LAND OF INDIA

27. DO NOW • WHAT ARE MONSOONS? EXPLAIN THE WEATHER PATTERN OF MONSOONS. HOW DOES THE MONSOON AFFECT INDIAN FARMERS? EXPLAIN THE FARMER’S DEPENDENCY ON MONSOONS.

28. Society in Ancient India. • The arrival of the Aryans had a lasting impact on Indian society. It led to the development of new social classes and a caste system. The caste system of ancient India was a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person’s occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society. In India the word for caste is jati. There are thousands of jati in India. They are based upon a person’s occupation and extended family network.

30. 16. Caste system 16. permanent social categories that determined a person’s occupation, economic potential, and position in society based on extended family and occupation India’s Social System: The arrival of the Aryans had a lasting impact on Indian society. It led to the development of new social classes and a caste system. There are thousands of caste systems or (jati) in India. They are based on a person’s occupation and extended family network. In addition to the caste system, Indian society was broadly divided into four major social classes called varnas. At the top were two varnas that were clearly the ruling elites in Aryan society: the priests and the warriors.

31. DO NOW HOW DOES THE MONSOON AFFECT INDIAN FARMERS? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 71-70 UNDER THE SECTION “THE LAND OF INDIA

32. DO NOW • WHAT EVIDENCE LEADS US TO CONCLUDE THAT THERE MUST HAVE BEEN WELL-ORGANIZED GOVERNMENTS IN HARAPPA AND MOHENJO DARO? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 38-39 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION: A FASCINATING ENIGMA” OR LOOK IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS

33. Caste System: There was no way for any person of social status to move up into society. What you are born into is what you will be for the rest of your life. (Merchants/ Farmers) Untouchables are also called the Dalit

34. 17. Patriarch 18. Men 19. Women 17. Society dominated by men 18. Could not marry until they completed 12 years of study 19. Did not work outside the home; were inferior to men Ex: suttee (burning with husbands cremated body) Family life in India: Life in ancient India centered on the family, the most basic unit in society. The ideal was an extended family, with three generations—grandparents, parents, and children—living under the same roof. The family was basically patriarchal, because in most of India the oldest male held legal authority over the entire family unit.

35. 20. Hinduism (1500 B.C.E.) 21. Vedas 22. reincarnation (500 B.C.E.) 6th century 20. religious beliefs of the Aryan peoples who settled in India 21. Collections of hymns and religious ceremonies that were passed down orally and eventually written down in sanskrit 22. is the belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death “the soul sheds the old worn out body” Religion:Hinduism had its origins in the religious belief of the Aryan peoples who settled in India after 1500 B.C.E. Early Hindus believed in the existence of a single force in the universe, a form of ultimate reality or God, called Brahman. It was the duty of the individual self called the atman to seek to know this ultimate reality. By doing so, the self would merge with Brahman after death.

36. 23. Karma 24. dharma 23. force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life “what goes around comes around” 24. the divine law; requires all people to do their duty Duties vary depending on the status in society. More is expected of those high on the social scale, than of the lower castes After a number of existences in the earthly world, the soul reaches its final goal in a union with Brahman. According to Hinduism, all living beings seek to achieve this goal. Important to this process is the idea of karma which is ruled by dharma, or the divine law. According to this idea, what people do in their current lives determines that they will be in their next lives. In the same way, a person’s current status is not simply an accident. It is a result of the person’s actions in a past existence. The concept of karma is ruled by dharma, or the divine law. The law requires all people to do their duty. However, people’s duties vary, depending on their status in society. More is expected of those high on the social scale, such as the Brahmans, than of the lower castes.

37. The system of reincarnation • The system of reincarnation provided a religious basis for the rigid class divisions in Indian society. It justified the privileges of those on the higher end of the scale. After all, they would not have these privileges if they were not deserving. At the same time, the concept of reincarnation gave hope to those lower on the ladder of life. The poor, for example, could hope that if they behaved properly in this life, they would improve their condition in the next.

38. 25. yoga 25. a method of training designed to lead to a oneness with god (Brahman) How does one achieve oneness with God? Hindus developed the practice of yoga, a method of training designed to lead to such union. The final goal of yoga was to leave behind the cycle of earthly life and achieve union with Brahman, seen as a kind of dreamless sleep. As one Hindu writing states, “When all the senses are stilled, when the mind is at rest, that, say the wise, is the highest state”

39. DO NOW • IMAGINE THAT YOU ARE LIVING IN ANCIENT INDIA AND DESCRIBE WHAT LIFE IS LIKE LIVING IN A SOCIETY WITH A CASTE SYSTEM. • EXPLAIN WHAT YOU MUST DO IN ORDER TO MOVE UP IN THE CASTE SYSTEM

40. DO NOW • What is the caste system? Briefly explain each level of the caste system in India. How can you move up in this caste system? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 75-77 OR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES

41. DO NOW • What is the caste system? Briefly explain each level of the caste system in India. How can you move up in this caste system? • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 45-51 OR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES

42. The Untouchables: Sewage Workers’ Video Analysis Questions • 1. How were the Dalit (the untouchables) being treated in modern day India? • 2. How does Indian’s religious beliefs justify the treatment of the untouchables? • 3. Why don’t some of the untouchables want people to fight for their individual rights in India? • 4. Why do some of the untouchables feel that they are in their position for a reason?

43. CONTEMPORARY INDIA VIDEO ANALYSIS • 1. HOW HAS INDIA CHANGED FROM A THRID WORLD COUNTRY TO A FIRST WORLD COUNTRY IN ONE GENERATION? • 2. WHAT PROBLEM ARE THESE SMALL SCALE FARMERS HAVING IN CONTEMPORARY OR TODAY’S INDIA? • 3. HOW DOES CONTEMPORARY INDIA RELATE TO OUR SOCIETY IN THE UNITED STATES (EXPLAIN THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES) • 4. HOW IS INDIA’S CASTE SYSTEM LIMITING THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AS AN ENTIRE COUNTRY • 5. HOW IS INDIA’S RELIGION HINDERING THEIR POLITICAL GROWTH AS A NATION? IS THE GOVERNMENT IN INDIA A TRUE DEMOCRACY OR IS IT A THEOCRACY? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. • 6. DO YOU AGREE WITH HOW INDIA’S GOVERNMENT RUNS THEIR SOCIETY? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

44. OPRAH IN INDIA ANALYSIS QUESTIONS • 1. WHAT ARE SOME THINGS THAT YOU NOTICED ABOUT FAMILY LIFE IN INDIA? WHAT ARE SOME WONDERINGS THAT YOU HAVE ABOUT FAMILY LIFE IN INDIA? • 2. WHAT EFFECTS DID THE CLASS SYSTEM AND THE FAMILY HAVE ON INDIAN CIVILIZATION? • 3. DESCRIBE SOME OF THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN REGARDS TO FAMILY LIFE, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY IN INDIA AND IN THE U.S.?

45. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE FAMILY LIFE OF PEOPLE IN ANCIENT INDIA????? • WHAT WAS THE RITUAL KNOWN AS SUTTEE??? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ YOUR BOOKS ON PAGE 76 IN THE SECTION TITLED “THE FAMILY IN ANCIENT INDIA”

46. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE FAMILY LIFE OF PEOPLE IN ANCIENT INDIA????? • WHAT WAS THE RITUAL KNOWN AS SUTTEE??? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ YOUR BOOKS ON PAGES 47-48 IN THE SECTION TITLED “DAILY LIFE IN ANCIENT INDIA”

47. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REINCARNATION AND THE CASTE SYSTEM? HOW DOES KARMA HAVE A ROLE IN ONE’S POSITION IN THE CASTE SYSTEM?

48. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS IN HINDUISM BETWEEN THE CASTE SYSTEM, KARMA AND THE DHARMA, OR DIVINE LAW. HOW DOES KARMA HAVE A ROLE IN ONE’S POSITION IN THE CASTE SYSTEM? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGE 77 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “HINDUISM”

49. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS IN HINDUISM BETWEEN THE CASTE SYSTEM, KARMA AND THE DHARMA, OR DIVINE LAW. HOW DOES KARMA HAVE A ROLE IN ONE’S POSITION IN THE CASTE SYSTEM? • READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 45-49 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “CASTE AND CLASS: SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN ANCIENT INDIA” AND 49-51 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “ESCAPING THE WHEEL OF LIFE: THE RELIGIOUS WORLD OF ANCIENT INDIA”

50. In the 6th century B.C.E. a new doctrine, called Buddhism, appeared in northern India and soon became a rival of Hinduism. The founder of Buddhism was Siddartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One”. Siddartha Gautama came from a small kingdom in the foothills of the Himalaya (in what is today southern Nepal). Born around 563 B.C.E., he was the son of a ruling family. The young and very handsome Siddhartha was raised in the lap of luxury and lived a sheltered life. At the age of 16, he married a neighboring princess and began to raise a family. • 26. Buddhism • 27. Siddhartha Gautama • 26. religion which sprouted from Hinduism denying the reality of the material world • 27. the founder of Buddhism was “the Enlightened One” (born in 563 B.C.E.)