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Learning. Learning: A long-term change in behavior resulting from experience. Classical Conditioning: A neutral stimulus is paired with another that causes reflexive behavior, and, in time, is sufficient to produce that behavior. . Pavlov: Classical Conditioning. Terms.
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Learning • Learning: A long-term change in behavior resulting from experience. • Classical Conditioning: A neutral stimulus is paired with another that causes reflexive behavior, and, in time, is sufficient to produce that behavior.
Terms • Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that elicits an automatic response (UR) without prior learning. • Unconditioned response (UR): Reflexive response elicited by a particular stimulus.
Terms • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): An originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through “conditioning” of repeated pairings with a US. • Conditioned Response (CR): A response that depends on pairings of the CS and US. Once learned, it occurs when the CS is presented alone.
How does one teach an old dog new tricks?? • Allyn & Bacon, 2003
Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiment: FOOD (UCS) Salivation (UCR) Food paired with a BELL (CS) Salivation (UCR)
Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s experiment: The BELL becomes associated with food, until finally The BELL (CS) Salivation (CR)
Making it Meaningful • So, What is the “so-what” of all of this??
More Examples • Phobias (dog, open spaces) • Drug overdose • Therapy • Nausea/immune response: chemotherapy • Sexy advertising (Watson again!) • Taste aversion
What affects CC learning • Number of pairings • Strength of UCS (e.g. illness, severe bite, panic attack…) • Reliability of CS in predicting US • Occurrence of CS just before US (Forward Conditioning) • What if the tone after the food?
Final CC terms • Acquisition: Initial learning of the conditioned response. • Extinction: CR is eliminated by repeated presentation of the CS with no US. • Stimulus Generalization: CR is elicited by other things that are like the CS • E.g. fear all dentists! Abusive relationships
Final CC terms • Stimulus Discrimination: Ability to distinguish among similar CS • Higher Order Conditioning: CS serves as an US when paired with a new CS • e.g. Cane before rat Smoking: Coffee/cigarettes/room
Operant Conditioning • The process by which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences. • Is voluntary, non-reflexive behavior • Thorndike Puzzle Box: Trial and error learning. Next 2 slides: Allyn & Bacon, 2003
Operant Conditioning Increases chances of Behavior followed by Reinforcement
Thorndike's Law of Effect Good Outcome Strengthens Response Stimulus Bad Outcome Weakens
Principles • Law of Effect: Actions that lead to a “satisfying state of affairs” are more likely to be repeated.
Principles (Continued) • Reinforcement: Process by which consequences lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again. • Response contingency: Consequence depends on behavior. • Reinforcer: Object or event that comes after a response that increases its occurrence.
Not always so obvious.. • Skipping class • Drinking (goes both ways) • Child misbehavior (lollipop example: goes both ways). • Understanding these patterns (how reinforcers really work in real life) is difficult.
Reinforcement Explained: Types • Primary reinforcement: An event or object that is inherently reinforcing. • Secondary reinforcement: An object or event that is not satisfy a physical need.
Types of Reinforcement • Positive Reinforcement: Reinforcement presented after a behavior, increasing likelihood it will occur. • Negative Reinforcement: An unpleasant event or circumstance is removed following a desired behavior, increasing likelihood it will occur.
Finding What Works Positive reinforcement examples: Using stickers w/children Using food rewards Getting play time Getting T.V. time
Finding What Works Negative reinforcement examples: Whining child/father Alcohol withdrawal/drink again Skipping class Saying “I’m Sorry”
Types of Punishment • Positive Punishment: A behavior leads to an undesired consequence, thereby decreasing its likelihood. • Negative Punishment: A behavior lead to the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance, thereby decreasing its likelihood.
Punishment: Examples • Positive Punishment: Spanking, a hangover, verbal criticism • Negative punishment: Taking candy away, removing privileges, the “silent treatment”
Think of it this way… • Positive: To add something • Negative: To take something away.
Learning: Review and overview • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Law of effect • Types of reinforcement and punishment • Schedules of reinforcement (next) • Observational learning (next)
Application: What about that diet or smoking? • Behavior modification: Therapeutic change produced by use of secondary reinforcement. • Here is the bugger: Immediate reinforcement is better than delayed!! So, how do you learn a complicated, new behavior?
Learning Complicated Behavior AND, how do you Just how do you get a dolphin to jump through hoops, a person to become a master athlete?
Use of Reinforcement Partial reinforcement is used for teaching and encouraging all types of behavior! Also, explains addictions.
Schedules of Reinforcement (all involve partial reinforcement) - • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval…schedules determine speed and rate of behavior!
Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Interval: Reward comes after a fixed amount of time. Ex. FI 10, FI 30, FI 50 • Bonus at work (2 years) • Weekly paycheck • Study breaks (2 hours) …..Behavior slows down right after reward and speed up right before.
Schedules of Reinforcement • Variable Interval: Reinforcement is given after a variable interval of time (averaged). VI 15, VI 30, VI 50 • Intermittent study breaks • …….bonuses • …….weight loss Consistent but slow responding
Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a fixed ratio of responses. Ex. FR 10, FR 30 • Factory work & assembly lines • Treat, after doing 6 chores • Bonus for every 6th social behavior, autistic ….High rate of response, quick rest, high rate again
Schedules of Reinforcement • Variable Ratio: Reinforcement is given after a variable ratio of responses (averaged). I.e. VR 10, VR 40, VR 5 • Slot machines • Attention from parent/good behavior • Abusive relationships ….. Frequent, consistent, and high rate of behavior.
