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ECE 333 Green Electric Energy Systems

ECE 333 Green Electric Energy Systems. Lecture 1 Introduction Professor Tim O’Connell Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ECE 333 Teaching Staff. Professor Tim O’Connell Section C Tuesday/Thursday 8:00 - 9:20 am Christine Chen Section B Tuesday/Thursday 2:00 – 3:20 pm

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ECE 333 Green Electric Energy Systems

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  1. ECE 333 Green Electric Energy Systems Lecture 1 Introduction Professor Tim O’Connell Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering

  2. ECE 333 Teaching Staff • Professor Tim O’Connell • Section C • Tuesday/Thursday 8:00 - 9:20 am • Christine Chen • Section B • Tuesday/Thursday 2:00 – 3:20 pm • TA: Kai Van Horn • Office hours are as given on the website • Course website: http://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece333/

  3. About Prof. Tim O’Connell • Professional • Received BA in Physics from Carleton College in 2003 • Received MS and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Illinois in 2005, 2008, respectively • Have been working for PC Krause and Associates engineering services firm since 2009 • Model power systems for aircraft and naval systems • Member of IEEE since 2003, SAE since 2010 • Third time teaching ECE 333

  4. About Prof. Tim O’Connell • Nonprofessional • Married to Megan • Live in Savoy • Play soccer in local indoor and outdoor leagues • Have run 2 marathons • Like to play guitar

  5. Green Electric Energy Systems • Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro • Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the sources • These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed • Courses does not cover nuclear • Course does not cover biological resources (at least not in-depth) • Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly be covering some ethical, policy and current events as well. • Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

  6. With Energy, What Do We Want? • To feel green? • To use less energy? • To have a higher standard of living? • To decrease our carbon dioxide emissions now? In the future? • To have more renewable energy? • To have less expensive energy? • To have jobs? • To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

  7. Spring 2014 Course Syllabus • See Syllabus (on website) • General Introduction; Why Green Electric Energy? • The power grid and power system structure • Fundamentals of energy and electric power, power circuits • The solar resource and solar array systems • The wind resource and wind generation systems • Alternative power sources, energy storage, other topics • Exams and reviews

  8. Engineers Have Long Been “Green” • With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve increased efficiencies by about a factor of 1000. From 0.05 lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an incandescent bulb, to > 130 for an LED. Source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/cmsinn/talks/3_kung.pdf

  9. Notation - Power • Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy • Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW – 1 x 103 Watt MW – 1 x 106 Watt GW – 1 x 109 Watt • Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person) • Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

  10. Notation - Energy • Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system • Energy Units • Joule = 1 Watt-second (J) • kWh = Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J) • Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1 MWh=3.4 MBtu • One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas) • U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

  11. North America Interconnections

  12. Electric Systems in Energy Context • Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system • Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation • Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used • Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

  13. Looking at the 2010 Energy Pie: Where the USA Got Its Energy About 84% Fossil Fuels • About 40% of our energy is consumedin the formof electricity, a percentagethat is gradually increasing. • The vast majority on the non-fossil fuel energy is electric! • In 2011 we got about 1% of our energy from wind and 0.1% from solar (PV andsolar thermal) 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency) Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2012 and EIA Electric Power Monthly (Feb 2012 Edition)

  14. Electric Generation by Fuel/State Source: 2006 EIA Data, Slide by Kate Davis

  15. 2010 U.S. Energy Use https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2010/LLNLUSEnergy2010.png

  16. Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption Energy inQuads Data says we will be 78% Fossil in 2035!! Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2012, Figure 73

  17. Renewable Energy Consumption 2011 Data (Quad)Total: 9.2 Hydro:3.2 Wood:2.0Bio:1.9Wind: 1.2Waste:0.5 Geo: 0.2Solar:0.2 Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2012

  18. Growth in US Wind Power Capacity Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2ndQtr, 2012

  19. The World • Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012

  20. The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2010 Data • China – 104.6 • USA – 97.8 • Europe – 79.6 • Russia – 29.9 • India – 23.8 • Japan – 20.8 • Africa – 19.5 • Canada – 14.3 • Brazil – 13.5 • World total was about 522 Quad in 2010; • Average per 100 Million people is about 7.32. • If world used US average total consumption would be about 2148 quad! Source: US DOE EIA

  21. Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2006 data) Source http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1c.xls • Iceland: 568.6 Norway: 410.8 • Kuwait: 469.8 Canada: 427.2 • USA: 334.6 Australia: 276.9 • Russia: 213.9 France: 180.7 • Japan: 178.7 Germany: 177.5 • UK: 161.7 S. Africa: 117.2 • China: 56.2 Brazil: 51.2 • Indonesia: 17.9 India: 15.9 • Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 7.8 • Malawi: 1.9 Afghanistan: 0.6

  22. World Population Trends Country 2005 2015 2025 % Japan 127.5 126.9 123.3 -3.3 Germany 82.4 80.8 79.2 -3.9 Indonesia 220.2 255.9 276.7 25.6 USA 295.7 322.3 351.3 18.8 China 1306 1361 1394 6.7 India 1094 1251 1396 27.6 World 6473 7250 7984 23.3 Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values inmillions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

  23. USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to mid 1990’s levels Part of the reason for the decrease is due to lownatural gas prices, which has caused greatly increasednatural gas generation and less coal generation.

  24. Worldwide CO2 Emissions • Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to (mostly) climb, from 23.7 billion metric tons in 2000 to 29.8 in 2010 (with a max of 30.3 in 2009). • Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010(billion metric tons)

  25. Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising Valuewas about 280 ppmin 1800, 394 in 2012 Rate ofincreaseis about2 ppmper year Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

  26. As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming /

  27. Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate 2012 was warmestyear ever for the contiguousUS. Butthis is only 1.6% ofthe total surface areaof the earth. Also Alaska, 21% the size of the contiguous US, was much coolerthan normal. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/map-blended-mntp/201211.gif/

  28. Annual Temperatures for Illinois Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate-change/iltren-temp.png

  29. But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends Estimated surface temperature in Sargassso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europewas clearly warmerin 1000AD;whether this wastrue world-wide is not known Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

  30. Going Back a Few More Years http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png

  31. And a Few More http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png

  32. Millions and Tens of Millions

  33. And Where Might Temps Go? Note that the modelsshow rate of increase valuesof between0.2 to 0.5 C per decade.The rate from1975 to 2005was about 0.2 C per decade. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html#Temperature

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