Layers of the Earth

1. Layers of the Earth

2. There are 3 main layers of the Earth. They are different from each other in location, temperature, density , and composition.

4. What is temperature? Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness the can be measured using a thermometer. Temperature is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. Each of the Earth’s layers have a different temperature range. Temperatures increase with depth. Deeper layers have higher temperatures

5. Density density (ρ) of a body is a measure of how tightly the matter within it is packed together. The box on the left is more dense, because there is more matter in that box.

6. Each layer has it’s own density. The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the outer layers.

7. Earth’s interior consists of three major layers; the crust, the mantle, and the core. Each layer is defined by its chemical composition or the elements in each layer. Each layer is made up of different ingredients

8. The Layers of the Earth are the Crust, Mantle and the Core.

9. Name__________________________ Date_________________ Period_______ Lab Group________ Layers of the Earth Chart

10. The Crust

11. The Crust The crust is typically about 32 kilometers thick beneath continents, and about 8 kilometers thick beneath oceans.

12. The thin, outermost layer of the Earth is called the crust. It makes up only one percent of the Earth's mass.

13. There are two types of crust: Continental and Oceanic Continental Crust is what we walk on. Oceanic Crust is under the water.

14. The temperature on the Earth’s crust averages from 20 degrees Celsius near the top of the crust to 870 degrees Celsius at the bottom of the crust. Temperatures increase the deeper you go.

15. The crust is relatively light and brittle. Most earthquakes occur within the crust. The crust is the least dense layer and it floats on top of the mantle Density of the crust ranges from 2.2-2.9 g/cubic cm

16. Elements in the Earth’s Crust The Earth's thin, rocky crust is composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium and some iron and magnesium Silicon + Oxygen = silicates

17. FE or Iron and Mg or Magnesium Iron Magnesium FE or Iron and Mg or Magnesium is heavier than Si or Silicon and Al or aluminum Silicon Aluminum

19. Continental crust is thicker and less dense. It is made up of mostly granite Rich in Si, AlPoor in Fe, Mg Rich in Si (Silicon), Al (Aluminum)Poor in Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium)

21. Oceanic Crust is thinner but more dense. It is made up of Basalt. Rich in Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium)Poor in Si (Silicon), Al (Aluminum)

23. The Mantle

24. The mantle is the layer below the crust and extends all the way to the core. It makes up almost two thirds of the earth's mass and is about 2900 km thick.

25. The mantle comprises 80% of the Earth's total volume. The mantle is relatively flexible so it flows instead of fracturing

26. Temperature Ranges for the Mantle 870 degrees Celsius in the Upper Mantle 2700 degrees Celsius in the Lower Mantel Temperatures increase the deeper you go.

28. Density of the mantle ranges from 3.4-5.6 g/cm . The Mantle is more dense than the crust but less dense than the core.

29. Mantle is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium The mantle has more iron than the crust.

30. These materials are semi liquid like jell-o. This is where lava and magma comes from

32. Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.

33. The Core

34. Beneath the mantle is the Earth's core. The Earth's core consists of a fluid outer core and a solid inner core.

35. The Outer Core is about 2,500 km thick. The Inner Core in about 1,230 km from the Earth’s center

36. The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the outer layers.

37. The Core’s Temperature Ranges: About 2,200 degrees Celsius at the Outer Core About 5,000 degrees Celsius at the Inner Core

39. Density of the core ranges from 9.9 -13.1 Outer core 9.9-12.2 Inner core 12.8 -13.1 The Earth’s Core is the most dense layer

40. Outer Core: liquid Nickel and Iron Inner Core: Solid Iron

41. Outer Core is made up of liquid nickel and Iron It is liquid because the pressure is lower. Inner Core is a solid iron sphere.  The reason that the iron is solid is that the pressure at the center of the earth is significantly higher than the pressure in the outer core.