ISAT Vocabulary

1. ISAT Vocabulary Preparation for the 10th Grade Spring Language Usage Idaho Standard Achievement Test

2. I. Parts of Speech • Noun: A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. • Verb: A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. • Pronoun: A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive. • Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. • Adverb: An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. • Preposition: A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. • Conjunction: You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses. • Interjection: An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion.

3. Nouns • Proper Nouns: You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. • Example: Last year, I had a Baptist, a Buddhist, and a GardnerianWitch as roommates. • Common Nouns: A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun. • Example: All the gardens in the neighborhood were invaded by beetles this summer. • Concrete Nouns: A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. • Example: Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasing waves.

4. Nouns • Abstract Nouns: An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. • Example: Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp. • Countable Nouns: A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count. • Example: Since he inherited his aunt'slibrary, Jerome spends every weekend indexing his books. • Non-Countable Nouns: A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. • Example: The furniture is heaped in the middle of the room.

5. Nouns • Collective Nouns: A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole; generally as one unit. • Example: The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.

6. Verbs • Transitive Verbs: The meaning of a transitive verb is incomplete without a direct object. • What is a direct object? Direct objects are words or phrases that receive the object of the action. The direct object always answers the question “What?” • INCOMPLETE: The child broke. • COMPLETE: The child broke the plate. • Intransitive Verbs: An intransitive verb, on the other hand, cannot take a direct object. • Example: It rained across the state. • Intransitive verbs can be followed by a prepositional phrase or an adverb to add to the thought being expressed, but they can never be followed by a noun, which would act as the object of the sentence.

7. Verbs • Linking Verbs: A linking verb connects a subject to a subject compliment which identifies or describes the subject. • Example: Some of us thought that the play was very good. • Auxiliary Verbs: The most common auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) are "be," "do," and "have”. Other common auxiliaries are "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," "ought," "should," "will," and "would." • Example: My roommates and I do the laundry every second week. • Compound Verbs: You construct a compound verb out of an auxiliary verb and another verb. • Example: They will meet us at the newest café in the market.

8. VerbalsA Noun or Adjective Formed From a Verb • Present Participle: A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. To make a present participle, you add "-ing" to the verb. • Example: "think" becomes "thinking" ; "fall" becomes "falling“ ; "run" becomes "running" • Past Participle: The second type of participle, the pastparticiple, is a little more complicated, since not all verbs form the past tense regularly. • Example: the sunken ship; a ruined city; a misspelled word • Gerunds: A gerund is a noun formed from a verb. To make a gerund, you add "-ing" to the verb, just as with a present participle. The fundamental difference is that a gerund is a noun, while a participle is an adjective. • Gerund: “I enjoy running” ("Running" is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb "enjoy.") • Participle: “Stay away from running water” ("Running" is an adjective modifying the noun "water".)

9. Verb TensesPast, Present, Future • Simple: The basic form (or root of the verb) is the form listed in the dictionary (walk, paint, think, grow). Used when the precise beginning or ending of an action, event, or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence. • Example: “I walked”; “I walk”; “I will walk” • Progressive: Used to describe ongoing actions as related to past, present, and future. • Example: “I was painting”; “I am painting”; “I will be painting” • Perfect: Used to describe something that was completed, is currently being completed, or will be completed in the future. • Example: “I had thought”; “I have thought”; “I will have thought” • Perfect-Progressive: Used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past, are currently ongoing, or ongoing actions that will occur in the future. • Example: “I had been growing”; “I have been growing”; “I will have been growing”

10. Pronouns • Antecedent: Pronouns usually refer to other words, called their antecedents because they (should) come before the pronoun. A pronoun's antecedent may be either a noun or another pronoun, but in either case, it must be clear what the antecedent is. • Example: They promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time. • Personal Pronoun: A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. • Example: You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. • Demonstrative Pronoun: A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time. • Example: This is puny; that is the tree I want.

11. Pronouns • Interrogative Pronoun: An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). • Example: Who will meet the delegates at the train station? • Indefinite Pronoun: An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. • Example: Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up. • Relative Pronoun: a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns. • Example: I will read whichever manuscript arrives first.

12. Pronouns • Reflexive Pronoun: You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." • Example: After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building. • Intensive Pronoun: An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasize its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. • Example: They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time.

13. Adjectives • Possessive Adjective: A possessive adjective (“my,'' “your,'' “his,'' “her,'' “its,'' “our,'' “their'') is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun. • Example: I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook. • Demonstrative Adjective: The demonstrative adjectives “this,'' “these,'' “that,'' “those,'' and “what'' are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns. • Example: When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books.

14. Adjectives • Interrogative Adjective: An interrogativeadjective (“which'' or “what'') is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun rather than standing on its own. • Example: Which plants should be watered twice a week? • Indefinite Adjective: An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or pronoun. • Example: Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed.

15. Adverbs • An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". • Example: The boldlyspoken words would return to haunt the rebel. • Conjunctive Adverb: You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses together. Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently," "finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however," "incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise," "meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next," "nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then," "therefore," and "thus." A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon. • Example: The crowd waited patiently for three hours; finally, the doors to the stadium were opened.

16. Prepositions • A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. • The most common prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."

17. Prepositions • Object of Preposition: The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. • Example:The book is onthe table. • In the preceding sentence, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time and places it in reference to the object of the preposition, “the table”.

18. Prepositions • Prepositional Phrase: A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. • Example: The spider crawled slowly alongthe banister. • The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase "along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled.

19. Conjunctions • Coordinating Conjunction: You use a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. *Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions. • Example: Lilacs and violets are usually purple. • Subordinating Conjunction: A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). • Example: After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent. • Correlative Conjunction: Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.) • Example: Corinne is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school.

20. Interjections • An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations. • Example: Hey! Put that down! • Example: Oh no! I forgot that the exam was today.

21. Homework – Due Next Class • Parts of Speech • Pages 2, 5, 6, 11-18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30-32, 38-41, & 44-46 • These total 25 pages of practice material. You MUST choose 12 of these pages for a grade, but can do more for extra credit.

22. II. Parts of Sentences • Subject: what (or whom) the sentence is about • Predicate: tells something about the subject • Object: completes the verb's meaning • Direct Object: always a noun or pronoun • Indirect Object: always a noun or pronoun • Modifier: adds information to another element in the sentence • Phrase: a group of two or more grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate • Clause: a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject

23. Subject & Predicate • Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate. • Subject: what (or whom) the sentence is about. To determine the subject of a sentence, first isolate the verb and then make a question by placing "who?" or "what?" before it -- the answer is the subject. • Predicate: always includes the verb and tells something about the subject. • In the following sentences, the predicate is enclosed in braces ({}), while the subject is highlighted. • Judy {runs}. • Judy and her dog {run on the beach every morning}.

24. Simple Subject/Simple Predicate • Every subject is built around one noun or pronoun (or more) that, when stripped of all the words that modify it, is known as the simple subject. Consider the following example: • A piece of pepperoni pizza would satisfy his hunger. • The subject is built around the noun "piece," with the other words of the subject -- "a" and "of pepperoni pizza" -- modifying the noun. "Piece" is the simple subject. • A predicate has at its center a simple predicate, which is always the verb or verbs that link up with the subject. In the example we just considered, the simple predicate is "would satisfy" -- in other words, the verb of the sentence.

25. Object • Object: A verb may be followed by an object that completes the verb's meaning. Two kinds of objects follow verbs: direct objects and indirect objects. • Direct Object: always a noun or pronoun • to determine, isolate the verb and make it into a question by placing "whom?" or "what?" after it. The answer, if there is one, is the direct object • Example: The advertising executive drove a flashy red Porsche. • Indirect Object: always a noun or pronoun • to determine, isolate the verb and ask to whom?, to what?, for whom?, or for what? after it. The answer is the indirect object. • Example: Her secret admirer gave her a bouquet of flowers.

26. Modifiers • A modifier can be an adjective, an adverb, or a phrase or clause acting as an adjective or adverb. The modifier adds information to another element in the sentence. • Comparative: Used to compare exactly two things. Form the comparative by adding the suffix "-er" to the modifier (for some short words) or by using the word "more" with the modifier: • Example: Now that it is March, the days are getting longer. (longer now than before) • Superlative: Used to compare three or more things. Form the superlative by adding the suffix "-est" to the modifier (for some short words) or by using the word "most" with the modifier: • Example: This is definitely the smartest, wittiest, most imaginative comic strip I have ever seen. (implying that I have seen more than two)

27. Modifiers • Misplaced Modifier: modifiers that are positioned so that they appear to modify the wrong thing. • Example: After our conversation lessons, we could understand the Spanish spoken by our visitors from Madrid easily. • Do we understand the Spanish easily, or do the visitors speak it easily? • Dangling Modifier: a phrase that functions as an adjective but does not modify any specific word in the sentence, or (worse) modifies the wrong word. • Example: Raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea. • The introductory phrase in the above sentence looks as if it is meant to modify a person or persons, but no one is mentioned in the sentence. Such introductory adjective phrases, because of their position, automatically modify the first noun or pronoun that follows the phrase -- in this case, "it."

28. Split Infinitive • Split Infinitive: The infinitive form of the verb consists of the word "to" followed by the base form of the verb: "to be," "to serve," "to chop," etc. Inserting a word or words between the "to" and the verb of an infinitive creates what is known as a split infinitive. • Example: It is not okay to purposely serve yourself before your guest.

29. Phrases • A phrase is a group of two or more grammatically linked words without a subject and predicate • Noun Phrase: A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers. • Example: Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves. • Verb Phrase: A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it. The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase. • Example: Corinne is trying to decide whether she wants to go to medical school or to go to law school.

30. Phrases • Adjective Phrase: An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun. You often construct adjective phrases using participles or prepositions together with their objects: • Example: My father-in-law locked his keys in the trunk of a borrowed car. • the prepositional phrase "of a borrowed car" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "trunk." • Adverb Phrase: A prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase, functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences. • Example: Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky. • In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in the night sky" functions as a adverb modifying the verb "flashed."

31. Clauses • A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes is the subject is implied). Clauses are the building blocks of sentences: every sentence consists of one or more clauses. • Independent Clause: If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause. • Example: The Prime Minister is in Ottawa. • Dependent Clause: Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses. • Example: When the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.

32. Clauses • Noun Clause: A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". • Example: I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. • In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object. • Adjective Clause: An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" • Example: the coat which I bought yesterday.

33. Clauses • Adverb Clause: An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". • Example: The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.

34. Apposition • When two words, clauses, or phrases stand close together and share the same part of the sentence, they are in apposition and are called appositives. Appositives give more information about the subject or object, but without the use of linking verbs, and are seperated by commas. • Example: My brother, the research associate, works at a large polling firm. • Example: I have never met Jean, the magistrate.

35. Homework - Due Next Class • Phrases • Page 49, 52, 53, & 55 – odd questions • Clauses • Page 58 & 64 – even questions • Subject/Predicate • Page 68 & 70 – odd questions • Direct/Indirect Object • Page 72 – even questions • Punctuation • Page 108 & 109 – even questions

36. III. Structure of a Sentence • Simple: contains only a single clause • Compound: consists of two or more independent clauses • Complex: contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause • Compound-Complex: joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence together

37. Simple Sentences • Simple Sentence: The most basic type of sentence and contains only one clause. • A simple sentence can be as short as one word. Usually, however, the sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both the subject and the predicate may have modifiers. All of the following are simple sentences, because each contains only one clause: • Melt! • Ice melts. • The ice melts quickly. • The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun. • Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, the ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun.

38. Compound Sentences • Compound Sentence: consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or": • Simple • Canada is a rich country. • Simple • Still, it has many poor people. • Compound • Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people. • A compound sentence is most effective when you use it to create a sense of balance or contrast between two (or more) equally-important pieces of information.

39. Complex Sentences • Complex Sentence: contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal. • Simple • My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go. • Compound • My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go. • Complex • Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go. • A complex sentence makes clear which ideas are most important. In the first two examples, the reader will have trouble knowing which piece of information is most important. With the subordinating conjunction "although" at the beginning of the first clause, however, it is made clear that the fact that your friend invited you is less important than, or subordinate, to the fact that you do not want to go.

40. Compound-Complex Sentences • Compound-Complex Sentence: rather than joining two simple sentences together, a coordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence. • Example: The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.

41. IV. Order of a Sentence • Not all sentences make a single point -- compound sentences, especially, may present several equally-important pieces of information -- but most of the time, when you write a sentence, there is a single argument, statement, question, or command which you wish to get across. • When writing sentences, use one of the following positions of emphasis at the beginning or end of the sentence. • Loose • Periodic

42. Loose Sentences • Loose Sentence: If you put your main point at the beginning of a long sentence, you are writing a loose sentence. • Example: I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada, considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, and the low crime rate. • The main point of this sentence is that the writer prefers to live in Canada, and the writer makes the point at the very beginning: everything which follows is simply extra information. • Loose sentences are the most natural for English speakers, who almost always talk in loose sentences: even the most sophisticated English writers tend to use loose sentences much more often than periodic sentences.

43. Periodic Sentences • Periodic Sentence: If the main point is at the end of a long sentence, you are writing a periodic sentence. • Example: Considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, and the low crime rate, I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada. • While a periodic sentence can be useful for making an important point or for a special dramatic effect, it is also much more difficult to read, and often requires readers to go back and reread the sentence once they understand the main point. • The periodic sentence has become much rarer in formal English writing, but is still a powerful rhetorical tool. An occasional periodic sentence is not only dramatic but persuasive: even if the readers do not agree with your conclusion, they will read your evidence first with open minds.

44. Homework – Due Next Class • Structure of a Sentence • Page 74 & 78 – odd questions • Page 79 (Ex. A), 81, & 82 – even questions • Punctuation • Page 111 & 113 – odd questions

45. V. Purpose of a Sentence • Purpose of a sentence is why you have written the sentences in the first place. • Declarative: simply states a fact or argument • Interrogative: asks a direct question • Rhetorical: a question which you do not actually expect the reader to answer • Exclamatory: a more forceful version of a declarative sentence • Imperative: gives a direct command to someone

46. Declarative Sentences • Declarative Sentence: Simply states a fact or argument, without requiring either an answer or action from the reader. The declarative sentence is the most important type. • Can and often will write entire essays or reports using only declarative sentences • Should always use them far more often than any other type. • Always punctuate declarative sentences with a simple period. • Example: Boise is the capital of Idaho.

47. Interrogative Sentences • Interrogative Sentence: An interrogative sentence asks a direct question and always ends in a question mark. • Example: How far do I have to walk? • Note that an indirect question does not make a sentence interrogative: • Direct/Interrogative • When was Lester Pearson prime minister? • Indirect/Declarative • I wonder when Lester Pearson was prime minister. A direct question requires an answer from the reader, while an indirect question does not.

48. Rhetorical Sentences • Rhetorical Sentence: a question which you do not actually expect the reader to answer. Can be a very effective way to introduce new topics or problems in the course of a paper. • Example: How many roads must a man walk down before we can call him a man? Many scholars believe ...

49. Exclamatory Sentences • Exclamatory Sentence: simply a more forceful version of a declarative sentence, marked at the end with an exclamation mark. • Example: Look how beautiful this river is! • Note that an exclamation mark can also appear at the end of an imperative sentence.

50. Imperative Sentences • Imperative sentences (sentences that give a command or an order) differ from conventional sentences in that their subject, which is always "you," is understood rather than expressed. • Stand on your head. ("You" is understood before "stand.") • this type of sentence can end either with a period or with an exclamation mark, depending on how forceful the command is. • Sit! • Read this book for tomorrow.