Gilded~Progressive

Gilded~Progressive Kelsey Park, Nicholas Lunceford, Taylor Travis, Alizah Charaniya

Social Issues/Ideologies Gilded Age • Business vs Worker’s rights • Corruption and Political Machines • Racial/Ethnic Conflict and Immigration • Reconstruction • Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth

Business vs Worker’s Rights Included issues such as: • Working hours • Wages • Unionization • Women’s protection • Child labor Major Strikes: • The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • Haymarket Riot (1886) • Homestead Strike (1892) • Pullman Strike (1894)

Business vs Worker’s Rights Notable Groups: • Knights of Labor • National Labor Union • American Federation of Labor

Corruption and Political Machines General Concepts: • Political Machines • Spoils System/Patronage • Bribery Notable events: • The Tweed Ring • Credit-Mobilier Scandal • Compromise of 1877

Racial/Ethnic Conflict and Immigration Increased Immigration from: • Asia (Most notably China) • Eastern Europe Decreased Immigration from Western Europe Industry welcomed new, cheap labor, workers detested the job-stealing Continuing racial tensions over African American rights, etc. Chinese Exclusion Act Eventually evolved into the Red Scare

Reconstruction What to do with emancipated African Americans? Stances on reconstruction: • Republican/North: Harsh reconstruction, insertion of African Americans into legal system, eliminate discrimination once and for all • Democrat/South: Reconstruct little, finish as quickly as possible, maintain white superiority (became Jim Crow laws), end occupation and reintegrate into the union Ended with the Compromise of 1877

Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth Survival of the Fittest Those who survived: • Andrew Carnegie • John D. Rockefeller • J. P. Morgan • Cornelius Vanderbilt Gospel of Wealth - Andrew Carnegie’s personal philosophy when it came to his fortune. The rich are obligated to spread out their money for the betterment of society by donating funds to various charitable organizations. Criticized for the priority of these donations over increased worker wage and/or standard of living.

Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth Supporters: • Andrew Carnegie • Cornelius Vanderbilt Notably NOT Rockerfeller or Morgan

Social Issues/Ideologies Progressive Era • Consumer/Worker Protection • Imperialism • Prohibition • Trust-Busting • Women’s Suffrage -also- • Direct election of senators, initiative, referendum, recall, dealing with corruption, local government reorganization, tariffs, corporate regulation, urban conditions, African American equality, settlement houses, etc.

Consumer/Worker Protection Rise of the Muckrakers Worker’s Rights: • Right to Organize • Working hours • Wages Women Labor Protection: • Brandeis Brief • Triangle-Shirtwaist Fire

Consumer/Worker Protection Child Labor: • Special protections for children • Minimum working age Consumer Protection: • Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug Act • Railroad price regulation End of Laissez-Faire

Imperialism The United States acquired the Philippines in 1898, as well as Cuba Cuba given independence in 1902 Debate over what to do with the Philippines Pro-Imperialism: • Access to new markets/commodities • Strategic location (Became more important in WWII) • “Teach them democracy, then let them be independent”

Imperialism Anti-Imperialism: • Dealing with revolts • Impractically costly • Morality Republicans generally pro-imperialism Democrats generally anti-imperialism

Prohibition Reform headed by women to remove alcohol from the United States Reasoning: • Alcohol wastes money they could be spent on family • Alcohol keeps husbands at bars and away from the family • Alcohol leads to family abuse • Alcohol doesn’t offer any benefits Major Figures/Groups: • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Carrie Union • Anti-Saloon League

Trust-Busting Are all trusts bad? Theodore Roosevelt - Attack bad trusts, but allow good trusts to survive William Taft - Attacked all trusts, including Roosevelt’s steel trust Woodrow Wilson - Clayton Antitrust Act, continued to attack trusts, but spared labor unions Major Trusts destroyed: Railroads, oil, tobacco, steel

Women’s Suffrage Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - Start of women’s rights movement Rose to prominence by supporting other reforms such as child labor reforms and temperance Important Groups: • National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • National Woman’s Party (NWP) Important People: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman, Alice Paul Ended with the 19th amendment

Famous Publications Gilded Age (1878-1889) • Helen Hunt Jackson- A Century of Dishonor (1881) • Spoke of the cruel treatment of the Native Americans by the US government, lead to Dawes Severalty Act • Edward Bellmay- Looking Backward (1888) • Laid out the possibility of a classless and caring society by 2000 • Andrew Carnegie- The Gospel of Wealth (1889) • Competition creates order and wealth should be given to the poor

Famous Publications Progressive Age (1890-1920) • Alfred Thayer Mahan- The Influence of the Sea Power upon History 1660-1783 (1890) • A country’s strength is determined by the size of their Navy • Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives (1890) • Pictures of the poor in the ghettos, lead to housing reform and the Progressives • Frederick Jackson Turner- the Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) • published after the census declared the frontier was “closed” in 1890

Famous Publications Progressive Age (1890-1920) • Booker T Washington- The Atlantic Compromise (1895) • Blacks should learn a trade to earn respect, Accommodationist • Rudyard Kipling- The White Man’s Burden (1899) • white man’s job is to domesticate “barbarians” • W.E.B. DuBois- The Souls of Black Folk (1903) • called for the immediate end to segregation • Lincoln Steffens- The Shame of the CIties (1904) • Corruption in city governments

Famous Publications Progressive Age (1890-1920) • Upton Sinclai- The Jungle (1906) • described the horrors of meat packaging, lead to the Meat Inspection Act • Jane Addams- Twenty Years at Hull House (1910) • detailed the good works of the Settlement Houses • Frederick Taylor- Principles of Scientific Management (1911) • increased efficiency leads to lower costs of production and greater profits, lead to Assembly Line Factory

Platforms of the Gilded Age • Similar platforms, close elections; no active agenda • Conservatism and moderation • laissez faire, social Darwinism • crowd-pleasing campaigns- free food, music, beer • strong party organization • Republicans: largely Protestant, businessmen and middle class; high tariffs; waving the bloody shirt, Lincoln murdered by a Democrat; pro-temperance • Democrats: Jews, Lutherans, Catholics; states’ rights; former Confederate states; political machines in the North & immigrant votes; objected to temperance

Campaign vs. Presidency Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes • Waving the bloody flag • The Old Guard • Scandals: Credit Mobilier, Gould & Fisk • Radical reconstruction in the south • accepted bribery • Public Credit Act, Specie Resumption Act • Compromise of 1877 • protection of african american rights in the south • promised honest civil service system • power to local governments • financial conservatism • ended reconstruction • cut off liquor in White House • vetoed restrictions on Chinese immigration March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881

Campaign vs. Presidency James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland • “dark horse” nominee • Half-Breed • Gave out spoils to Half-Breeds • assassinated by a Stalwart attorney • Garfield’s Stalwart VP • supported civil service • approved modern navy • supported railroad regulation • not renominated • Supported by Republican “mugwumps” • Jeffersonian government • civil service system by merit • vetoed hundreds of private pension bills March 5, 1881 – September 19, 1881 September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885 March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889

Campaign vs. Presidency Cleveland ctd. Harrison • regulated business (Interstate Commerce Act) • tried to help Native Americans (Dawes Act) • retrieved government land from cattle ranchers and railroads • higher tariff • support businesses • attacked Cleveland’s pension vetoes for veteran support • Billion dollar Congress • Raised tariffs to over 48% (McKinley Tariff) • increased pensions to veterans, widows, children • Antitrust act • Increased coinage of silver (but too little) March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893

Campaign vs. Presidency Back to Cleveland McKinley • support from the unpopularity of McKinley Tariff • support from Republican measures prohibiting alcohol and Sunday closing laws • Panic of 1893; gold drain caused repeal of Silver Purchase Act • borrowed gold from J.P. Morgan • crushed Pullman Strike • Wilson-Gorman Tariff • high protective tariff • friend of labor • Sponsored by Mark Hanna • blamed Panic of 1893 on Democrats • uphold gold standard March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901

Campaign vs. Presidency McKinley ctd. Theodore Roosevelt • Bryan (Democrat)’s Silver Crusade hurt by rise in wheat prices & threats to factory workers • First modern president: active in international affairs • See: Cuba, Philippines • End of Gilded Age, Republican dominance • Became president due to McKinley’s assassination by an anarchist • Square Deal: Conservation, Consumer protection, Control of corporations • Roosevelt Corollary & BIG STICK POLICY • Mediated Russo-Japanese War • “Gentlemen’s Agreement” • Great White Fleet September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909

Campaign vs. Presidency • Roosevelt’s armpit of support • conservative; did not believe in Roosevelt’s power-stretching • several antitrust suits • Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates • created inner-party rift by going against Roosevelt • raised tariff (Payne-Aldrich) • New Freedom: limit both big business AND big government • end corruption • support small business Taft Woodrow Wilson March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921

Campaign vs. Presidency Woodrow Wilson • Tariff reduction & graduated income tax (Underwood Tariff, Underwood bill) • Federal Reserve Board: a national banking system with 12 district banks • Strengthened antitrust law (Clayton Antitrust Act) • regulate trade against “unfair trade practices” with Federal Trade Commission • Loans to farms • Child Labor Act: found unconstitutional

Major Supreme Court Cases US v. Cruikshank (1875) Due process and Equal protection clauses of 14th Amendment apply ONLY to Gov’t actions, not those of individuals; win for the Advocates of limited gov’t; loss for Southern African-Americans and Strong 14th Amendment proponents Munn v. Illinois (1876) 14th Amendment does NOT prevent IL from setting maximum rates for the storage of grain; Railroad freight shipments. Private cos. had “public interest” which allowed regulation; win for State gov’ts and Farmers (Grange movement); loss for the RR companies

Supreme Court Cases Civil Rights Cases (1883) Federal Civil Rights Acts (ex. desegregating in public facilities) were unconstitutional (Federalism argument); Win for State gov’ts and Racially discriminatory laws; loss for Federal gov’t and Civil Rights Would stand until the 1960’s Civil Rights movement (accomplished via commerce clause) Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Contradicted Munn; State regulations of interstate commerce CANNOT place a direct burden on interstate commerce; win for the federal gov’t and Commerce clause; loss for the state gov’ts Interstate commerce commission ICC created to investigate and oversee RR activities

Supreme Court Cases In Re Debs (1895) Federal injunction ordering RR workers back to work during strikes IS valid under commerce clause; win for commerce clause and employers/corporations; loss for unions and workers Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Racially segregated facilities are permissible under 14th amendment if they are equivalent (SEPARATE BUT EQUAL) Lochner v. United States (1905) New York State law limiting hours bakers could work is INVALID; win for Employers and corporations; loss for unions and workers

Supreme Court Cases Muller v. Oregon (1908) Oregon law limiting hours women can work IS valid based on women’s “nature” and contradicted Lochner; win for women (?), workers, Progressive args, and EXPERT testimony; loss for employers and corporations Brandeis Brief (sociological Data) Standard Oil v. United States (1910) Standard Oil is guilty of monopolizing the petroleum industry in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act; win for stronger anti-trust regulations, federal gov’t and commerce clause; loss for private corporations and trusts

Supreme Court Cases Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) found Child Labor Act to be unconstitutional Schenck v. United States (1919) Socialist anti draft pamphlets NOT protected by 1st amendment; present a “clear and present” danger (Note: Wartime Case); win for Gov’t power and wartime measures; loss for free speech, first amendment, and individual rights Cheif Justices: Morrison White (1874-1888) Restrict expansion of federal gov’t; federalist Melville Fuller (1888-1910) Pro-Business; Limited commerce clause; conservative Edward White (1910-1921)

Amendments 16th Amendment (1913): establishes the graduated income tax 17th Amendment (1913): direct election of senators by popular vote 18th Amendment (1919): PROHIBITION! Forbade the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors, but not the consumption, so people drank alcohol more than ever before! Only Amendment to be repealed 19th Amendment (1920) Women’s suffrage!

Important Legislation • Pendleton Act (1883) Government service based on merit rather than on patronage-- the Civil Service Commission • McKinley Tariff: increased tariffs to about 50% • Electoral Count Act (1877) related to Compromise 1877; the legislation that set up a commission of fifteen men from the Senate, House, and Supreme Court for the recounting of votes; it had one more republican than a democrat so Hayes was elected after the ensuing deal • Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) prohibited all further immigration from China, stayed active until 1943

Important Legislation • Dawes Act: removed the status of legal entity from Indian tribes, divided them into familial units of 160 acres; granted them citizenship if they would behave as good Americans; • Sherman Anti-Trust Act: banned any formations (no distinguishing between bad vs. good) that would restrict trade but was ineffective because of its vagueness; showed gov. slowly moving away from laissez-faire • Morrill Act (1862) passed after South had seceded, provided grant of public lands for support of education; many state colleges were founded • Hatch Act of (1887) extended Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with land-grant colleges

Important Legislation • Resumption Act (1875) pledged the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value; victory for hard money advocates • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): forbade the sale of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs • Meat Inspection Act (1906): made inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that sanitation standards were being met

Important Legislation • Interstate Commerce Act (1914) Clearly defined limits on rights of corporations; strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act • Emergency Quota Act (1921 Amended 1924) Limited number of immigrants, discriminated against eastern and southern Europeans; outlawed Japanese • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) : strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act, excluded unions from trusts • Federal Trade Commission (1914): regulated “unfair trade practices” • Federal Reserve Act (1914): created Federal Reserve Board, a twelve-district national bank; created Federal Reserve Notes

Foreign Policies • Seward’s Folly/ Seward’s Icebox: Russia’s colony, Alaska, became a financial burden and threatened by British; Purchased at a cheap price • Naval power: Alfred Thayer Mahan-> third largest navy in the world • Samoa • modern steel ships • Blaine’s Pan-American Conference (1889): representative from W. Hemisphere met to create a permanent organization of cooperation • Venezuela vs. British Guiana (1895~1896): Cleveland and secretary of state Olney forced the the boundary dispute to be arbitrated, the British gave in for future peace with U.S.

Foreign Policies • Spanish-American War: • Philippines: Under Teddy Roosevelt, McKinley’s assistant secretary of navy, Commodore Dewey defeated the Spanish and fought agaisnt Filipino rebels (Treaty of Paris) • Cuba: attacked and defeated the Spanish again; • Rough Riders- famous volunteer regiment led by Teddy Roosevelt • Platt Amendment- tied Cuba to the U.S. despite its independence • Open Door Policy (1899): engineered by McKinley’s secretary of state, John Hay • no more spheres of influence • Panama Canal: Roosevelt support Panamanian revolt; independence without bloodshed (Hay-Pauncefote)

Spanish American War USS Maine: President McKinley sent this ship to Havana, Cuba, to protect the American citizens & property (eventually blew up and the U.S. blamed Spain) Yellow Journalism played a major role De Lome Letter: The Spanish ambassador insults President McKinley in this document; accused America of being weak Teller Amendment: U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba Platt Amendment: Amendment to the Cuban constitution (passed b/c of pressure from the US) that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Treaties • Treaty of Paris (1898)- • ended Spanish-American War, Cuba freed from Spanish rule, U.S. got Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain, U.S. paid $20 million for Phillippines • Treaty of Portsmouth- • formally ended Russo-Japanese War, negotiations took place in New Hampshire and were brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt • Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)- • Agreement between the U.S. and Japan pledging to respect each other’s Pacific possessions and support the Open Door Policy

Gilded~Progressive