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CHAPTER 21 Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House 1890 1916

Grassroots Progressivism Civilizing the City Settlement House Movement Jane Addams

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CHAPTER 21 Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House 1890 1916

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    1. CHAPTER 21 Progressivism from the Grass Roots to the White House 1890–1916

    2. Grassroots Progressivism Civilizing the City Settlement House Movement – Jane Addams & Lillian Wald and Hull House – college educated women and reform Church ministers and social gospel – Walter Rauschenbusch – civilize the city – against alcohol, prostitution – social and moral purity Progressives and the Working Class Women’s Trade Union League – women workers and middle class “allies” – Triangle Shirtwaist Company – protest low wages, dangerous working conditions, management’s refusal to recognize the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union & hours of work Protective legislation – Muller v. Oregon National Consumer’s League – Florence Kelley – middle class women and boycott of products – municipal housekeeping – woman’s suffrage.

    3. Progressivism: Theory and Practice Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering Challenge to Social Darwinism and laissez-faire Efficiency and expertise – Frederick Winslow Taylor and scientific management Progressive Government: City and State Followers of grassroots progressives in government – Thomas Lofton Johnson, mayor of Cleveland, OH – fair taxation, municipal ownership of railroads and public utilities, greater democracy – initiative, referendum, and recall Robert M. LaFollette, governor and U. S. Senator from Wisconsin – railroad, education, conservation, factory regulation, direct primary, state income tax – Wisconsin, “laboratory of democracy” Hiram Johnson, governor and U. S. Senator from California – direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall, railroad regulation, conservation , employer’s liability.

    4. Progressivism Finds a President: Theodore Roosevelt The Square Deal Government and trusts – Northern Securities Company “bad” and “good” trusts - trustbuster – action against 43 trusts – moral and political authority of president in mediating between labor and management – anthracite coal mine strike – United Mine Workers and management – “Square Deal” and victory in 1904 Roosevelt the Reformer Railroad reform and power for Interstate Commerce Commission – Hepburn Act Muckraking Journalism – Pure Food and Drug Act – Meat Inspection Act 1907 economic panic and J. P. Morgan – regulation instead of trust-busting Roosevelt and Conservation Preserve forest land from commercial development by executive proclamation – also managed use of natural reserves – protest from Sierra

    7. Club and progressives - Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 and forest reserves – 6 national parks, 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges – testimony to Roosevelt’s accomplishments as conservationist. The Big Stick Guarding Monroe Doctrine – Roosevelt Corollary – Panama Canal. Keeping the Open Door Policy in China Noble prize for negotiating peace at the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1906) – Root-Takahira agreement (1908) and Open Door Policy in Japan.

    11. Progressivism Stalled The Troubled Presidency of William Howard Taft Payne-Aldrich tariff – benefited big business and trusts – undid some of Roosevelt’s reforms – Roosevelt leaned more to progressives – Republican party divided, Democracy majority in 1910 congressional elections – mine and railroad regulation, creation of the Children’s Bureau in the Department of Labor, 8-hour work day - 16th Amendment (graduated income tax) and 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators) “dollar diplomacy” or substitute “dollars for bullets” – commercial treaties on Nicaragua and Honduras – U. S. marines in Nicaragua and Dominican republic in 1912 Promoted active intervention in China – investments Antitrust suit against U. S. Steel and 1907 acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron.

    13. Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912 Roosevelt challenged Taft unsuccessfully on Republican ticket – ran on Progressive Party ticket – plank included woman’s suffrage, presidential primaries, minimum wages for women, conservation, child labor laws, worker’s compensation, social security, income tax Democratic party benefited from split in Republican party – Woodrow Wilson – real contest between Roosevelt (“New Nationalism”) and Wilson (“New Freedom”) despite 4 candidates – Wilson wins decisive victory.

    14. Woodrow Wilson and Progressivism at High Tide Wilson’s Reforms: Tariff, Banking, and the Trusts Underwood tariff – lowered rates – revenue from moderate income tax Federal Reserve Act (1913) – national banking system with 12 regional banks – efficient banking and currency system Clayton Antitrust Act – outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directories – regulate rather than break up big businesses. Federal trade Commission – eliminate unfair trade practices Wilson, Reluctant Progressive Progressives questioned end of reforms – Republicans demanded reforms – token support - Keating-Owen child labor law, 8 hour work day in railroads, rural credits for farmers

    15. The Limits of Progressive Reform Radical Alternatives Socialist Labor Party and Eugene V. Debs International Workers of the World – unskilled workers Margaret Sanger and birth control – not just sexual and medical reform but means to alter social and political power relationships Progressivism for White Men Only Alice Paul and National Woman’s Party (1916) – radical voice of the suffrage movement W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington - NAACP

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