SPORTS AND DRUG USE

1. SPORTS AND DRUG USE

2. OVERVIEW • HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS • DRUG USE IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERA • OLYMPIC GAMES • TESTOSTERONE ERA, 1927-1957 • ANABOLIC STEROIDS ERA, 1958-1984 • GILBERT REPORT , SPORTS ILLUSTRATED 1969 • HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ARRIVAL, 1984 • TECHNOLOGY, SPORTS AND DRUGS • MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL STEROIDS ERA • MITCHELL REPORT 2008

3. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS • GREEK ATHLETES, OLYMPIC GAMES • “PROTEIN DIET” AND WRESTLERS • ENDURANCE SEEDS/ RUNNERS • HALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMS • ANCIENT PERU, ANCIENT MEXICO • COCA LEAVES, CAFFEINE, MUSHROOMS, SEEDS • SPORT, RELIGIOUS EVENTS

4. DRUG USE IN THE SPORTS INDUSTRIAL ERA • 1860s-1880s SWIMMING, BICYCLE RACING, “SPEED BALLS” (HEROINE-COCAINE) TO INCREASE ENDURANCE • 1886 FIRST REPORTED DRUG RELATED DEATH IN SPORTS, A CYCLIST. • 1904 OLYMPIC GAMES, ST-LOUIS, THOMAS HICKS, MARATHON RUNNER, COLLAPSED, TEAM GAVE HIM REPEATED DOSES OF BRANDY AND STRYCHNINE, MEDAL AWARDED.

5. TESTOSTERONE ERA • 1927 FRED KOCH AND CLYDE MCGEE, (UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO) ISOLATED AND EXTRACTED TESTOSTERONE FROM BULLS, TESTED ITS IMPAC ON ANIMALS. RESULTS: DRAMATIC INCREASE IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, PROCESS NOT VIABLE. • 1935 YUGOSLAVIA´S CHEMIST LEOPOLD RUZICKA, ALTERED THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC TESTOSTERONE

6. TESTOSTERONE ERA • TESTOSTERONE, 1930s AND 1940s “FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH” GAINS IN ENERGY, WEIGHT, STRENGTH. • EXPERIMENTS IN GERMANY, TESTOSTERONE PROVIDED TO ELITE TROOPS • 1945 GERMAN SCIENTIFIC&TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, SEIZED BY SOVIET GOVERNMENT • 1952 HELSINKI OLYMPIC GAMES, SOVIET WEIGHTLIFTING TEAM DOMINATES COMPET. • 1954 VIENNA WEIGHTLIFTING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP, SOVIET TEAMS • U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN, J. ZIEGLER, TESTED TESTOSTERONE ON HIMSELF.

7. ANABOLIC STEROIDS ERA • “ANABOLIC” W/OUT “ANDROGENIC” EFFECTS, MUSCLE-BUILDING W/OUT AGGRESSION, INCREAS. LIBIDO. • 1958 PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY RELEASED DIANABOL, FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES. • DR. ZIEGLER, U.S. TEAM PHYSICIAN PERSUADED LIFTWEIGHTERS TO USE DIANABOL

8. ZIEGLER TRAINING PROGRAM • NEW EXERCISE ROUTINE ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION + PILLS • IOMETRIC CONTRACTION PULL/PUSH AGAINST IMMOBILE RESISTANCE • “STRENGTH AND HEALTH” MAGAZINE ARTICLE. • STEROIDS USE SPREAD THROUGH GYMS, COLLEGE STUDENTS AND ATHLETES

9. STEROIDS & OLYMPIC GAMES • 1964 TOKYO, 1968 MEXICO CITY • COLD WAR OLYMPIC, NATIONAL PRIDE, CAPITALISM vs SOCIALISM • ATHLETES CONFESSIONS, HAROLD CONNOLLY, TOM WADDELL, 30% U.S. TEAM ON STEROIDS • 1971 PATERA CHALLENGE TO SOVIET ATHLETE: “LET’S SEE WHO’S STRONGER: HIS STEROIDS OR MINE” • DEATHS FOR DRUG OVERDOSE

10. GILBERT REPORT • 1969 SPORTS ILLUSTRATED, B. GILBERT 3-PART DRUGS IN OLYMPIC, COLLEGE AND PROFESSIONAL SPORTS • USE OF A.STEROIDS IN PRO AND COLLEGE SPORTS • PROFESSIONAL SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS LACKED REGULATORY POLICIES • 1972 68% U.S. OLYMPIC TRACK & FIELD TEAM HAD USED ANABOLIC STEROIDS • 1976 MONTREAL GAMES TEST MANDATORY, PENALTIES UP TO DISQUALIFICATION.

11. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS, 1970s • 1976 CHANGED IN PATTERN, ATHLETES RETURNED TO TESTOSTERONE (MALE HORMONE) TO BEAT THE TEST, OR COMBINED DIANABOL W/ TESTOSTERONE. • 1982 TESTOSTERONE BECAME A BANNED SUBSTANCE • 1983 PAN AMERICAN GAMES CARACAS, 15 ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE THE FIRST DAT. 12 U.S. TRACK&FIELD ATHLETES ABANDONED THE GAMES BEFORE BEING TESTED.

12. H.G.H. ERA, 1984 to PRESENT • HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE • BODY BUILDERS, 1970s GH FROM MONKEYS • H.G.H. EXPENSIVE, DIFFICULT, EXTRACTED FROM THE PITUITARIES OF CADAVERS ONLY • 1990s SYNTHETIC VERSION OF H.G.H. • KERR “THE PRACTICAL USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS WITH ATHLETES”

13. STEROIDS BOOM 1990s • BODYBUILDING BOOM 1990s • SELF-HELP LITERATURE: MANUALS, HANDBOOKS, CONVENTIONS, “PROPER USE” PHILOSOPHY • BLACK MARKET OF STEROIDS, SMUGGLERS, GYM-DEALERS, • COACH-PROVIDERS • ATHLETES-SMUGGLERS

14. STEROIDS AND PRO BASEBALL • JOSE CANSECO, 1988 OAKLAND A´s AL MVP, 40-40 ONLY MEMBER CLUB, “BASH BROTHERS” (MARK MCGWIRE). • “WASHINGTON POST” THOMAS BOSWELL ARTICLE. • KEN CAMINITI STORY, 1996 MVP, 2002 SPORTS ILLUSTRATED INTERVIEW ¨AT LEAST HALF OF THE GUYS ARE USING STEROIDS¨ • 2004 CAMINITI DIED, HEART ATTACK • COMPLAINTS BY SCHILLING, HANK ARON, REGGIE JACKSON, REGARDING INFLATED BATTING RECORDS DUE TO WIDESPREAD USE OF STEROIDS AND AMPHETAMINES • “JUICED, WILD TIMES, RAMPANT ´ROIDS, HOW BASEBALL GOT BIG” 2005 BOOK BY JOSE CANSECO IS PUBLISHED • MCGWIRE-SOSA “PERFECT SEASON” 1998 • JOSE “MILKSHAKE” VOGUE. • CANSECO BOOK PROVIDED A PLAYERS LIST.

15. BALCO SCANDAL 2003 • BURLINGAME BAY AREA LABORATORY CO OPERATIVE • BLOOD-URINE TESTING ANALYSIS FOR ATHLETES • 1988 OLYMPIC GAMES SEOUL • VICTOR CONTE, NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS PTICHMAN • 1996 BILL ROMANOWSKI • ELITE ATHLETES CLIENTELE • MARION JONES, MIAMI DOLPHINS, BARRY BONDS, 2000. • CONTE´S HGH: “UNDETECTABLE, BETTER VISION, MORE ENERGY, MORE MUSCLE MASS” • ZIMA TRACK/FIELD CLUB • BONDS 0CT 2001 73TH HOMERUN • 2003 ANONYMOUS TIPSTER SENT A SYRINGE WITH TGH TETRAHYDROGESTRINONE (ALTERED STEROIDS GESTRINONE AND TRENBOLONE TO AVOID DETECTION IN TESTS) • U.S. FIELD/TRACK ATHLETES AND FOUR OAKLAND RAIDERS TESTED POSITIVE • SEPTEMBER 2003 FDA AUTHORITIES RAIDED BALCO OFFICES • “THE CLEAR AND THE CREAM” BONDS DECLARATION TO THE GRAND JURY . • OVER FORTY SUPERSTAR ATHLETES TESTED POSITIVE AND/OR WERE SUMMONED IN THE INVESTIGATION • U.S. TRACK/FIELD ESTABLISHES LIFE TIME BAN ON FIRST TIME OFFENDERS

16. BALCO SCANDAL • 2005 U.S. CONGRESS HEARINGS • CDC REPORT STEROIDS AND YOUTH • CANSECO, MCGWIRE, PALMEIRO, SOSA, SCHILLING CALLED TO TESTIFY. • CONTE’S CONVICTION, “ROMO’S BOOK TOUR” (BILL ROMANOWSKY) • DRUG FREE SPORTS ACT BILL PROPOSAL (McCAIN, BONNING) • MLB DRUG POLICY (OCT 2005) 50GAMES-100GAMES SUSPENSION-AND LIFE BAN ON ANFETHAMINES AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS. STILL NO TEST FOR HGH

17. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS DEBATE • MLB JUST RECENTLY APPROVED MANDATORY STEROID TESTING IN ATHLETES. WHAT IN YOUR OPINION WILL BE THE IMPACT OF THIS POLICY. • PRO-STEROID LITERATURE ARGUES THAT ANABOLICS USAGE SHOULD BE ACCEPTED AND REGULATED, SINCE ATHLETES USE/TAKE THEM ANYWAY. DO YOU AGREE/DISAGREE? WHY?