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Capsicum Phylogeny and Domestication

Capsicum Phylogeny and Domestication. Brian Walsh. Family: Solanaceae Subfamily: Solanoideae Tribe: Capsicinae (since 1999). Estimated 25 species (my count =37) Native to South and Central America Current distribution is global One of the most utilized spice in the world

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Capsicum Phylogeny and Domestication

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  1. CapsicumPhylogeny and Domestication Brian Walsh

  2. Family: Solanaceae Subfamily: Solanoideae Tribe: Capsicinae (since 1999) • Estimated 25 species (my count =37) • Native to South and Central America • Current distribution is global • One of the most utilized spice in the world • Part of human diet for 9000 years • All diploid • Typically self-fertilize • Most n=12 (some n=13)

  3. One of the most diversely utilized plants • Spice • Food • Dye • Medicine • Weapons • Poison • Drinks • Deterrent • Insecticide/Pesticide • Preservative • Snuff • Rituals • Tribute • Town Names • Punishment

  4. Domestication • Davenport (1970) proposes all five domesticated species arose from a single ancestor (C. frutescens L.) (Lumper) (based on morphology) • Heiser (1971) proposes each domesticated species arose from its own unique wild ancestor (Splitter) (hybridization studies) • Pickersgill (1972) agrees with Heiser - different cultivated species show a combination of characters suggesting domestication by different groups of people living in different areas. • Eshbaugh (1983) argues at least three distinct domesticated lineages based on morphology, plant breeding and enzyme analysis (C. chacoense is plesiomorphic)

  5. Agricultural Centers of the New World and the theoretical flow of speciation View from 1000000 km above 5°18’S 63°55’W Based on C. chacoense

  6. Domesticated Characters in Capsicum • Gigantism of fruit • Altered fruit shape • Fruit color other than red • Retained on peduncle a maturity • Variable capsaicin levels Domesticated Wild • small fruit • Fruit round • Red fruit • Peduncle dehiscence at maturity • High capsaicin levels

  7. Capsicum annuum

  8. Eshbaugh’s breakdown into flower color categories (why?) Capsicum annuum complex C. annuum var. annuum C. annuum var. avicular C. frutescens white flowers C. chinense C. chacoense Capsicum baccatum group C. baccatum var. praetermissum white flowers with yellow spots C. baccatum var. pendulum C. baccatum var. baccatum Capsicum eximium complex C. pubescens C. eximium purple flowers C. cardenasii Total species=8

  9. C. frutescens Tabasco

  10. C. baccatum var. praetermissum

  11. Capsicum eximium

  12. Capsicum eximium C. baccatum var. praetermissum

  13. Capsicum cardenasii Only species that strictly outcrosses

  14. Flower color classification of Capsicum • Color categories inaccurate (too many exceptions) • Only a fraction of total species included • Doesn’t agree with molecular data

  15. Current phylogenetic questions • Monophyly of genus • Resolving species relationships

  16. Capsicum Monophyletic? Modified from Bohs & Olmstead 1997

  17. A B C A B C = Monophyletic A A C A A C = Not Monophyletic

  18. Walsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)

  19. Walsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)

  20. Walsh 2001 combined atpB-rbcL spacer and waxy data n=12/13

  21. Walsh 2001 (chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer data)

  22. Capsicum monophyly • Intact for the time being • Odd C. ciliatum seems to be the weak link (n=13)

  23. Mascone’s missing tree Mascone 2003 Flow cytometry and Feulgen densitometry 1C-value of DNA = an equation for calculating genome size in absolute units Genome size in Mbp

  24. Visualization of Mascone’s results Capsicum anuum complex C. annuum var. annuum C. annuum var. avicular C. frutescens white flowers C. chinense C. chacoense United by similar DNA amount and little heterochromatin

  25. 1C G C. chacoense 3.35 3273 C. annuum var. annuum 3.38 3312 C. frutescens 3.40 3332 C. chinense 3.42 3352

  26. Capsicum baccatum group C. baccatum var. praetermissum white flowers with yellow spots C. baccatum var. pendulum C. baccatum var. baccatum C. baccatum var. umbilicatum New variety described in 1998 Domesticated status unknown Similar DNA amounts – not surprising

  27. 1C G C. chacoense 3.35 3273 C. annuum var. annuum 3.38 3312 C. frutescens 3.40 3332 C. chinense 3.42 3352 C. baccatum var. pendulum 3.69 3621 C. baccatum var. baccatum 3.71 3636 C. baccatum var. umbilicatum 3.76 3636 Interpreted from data – not explicitly stated

  28. Capsicum eximium complex C. pubescens C. eximium purple flowers C. cardenasii C. parvifolium synonym with C. cardenasii? (but description is off – tree?) C. parvifolium only compared to C. campylopodium points out distantly related and nothing more C. campylopodium groups with C. pubescens – large genome size, and large amounts of heterochromatin forming complex patterns (tone implies trepidation) C. eximium has DNAcontentintermediate between C. baccatum and C. pubescens, but genome size supports close relationship to C. pubescens as well as isozyme and cross studies

  29. 1C G C. chacoense 3.35 3273 C. annuum var. annuum 3.38 3312 C. frutescens 3.40 3332 C. chinense 3.42 3352 C. baccatum var. pendulum 3.69 3621 C. baccatum var. baccatum 3.71 3636 C. baccatum var. umbilicatum 3.76 3636 C. eximium 4.06 3979 C. pubescens 4.47 4381 ? C. campylopodium 5.14 5032 ? C. parvifolium/cardenasii 5.77 5655

  30. However, Mascone claims his data supports his hypothesis • Increase in DNA amount is evolutionary advancement • C. chacoense most plesiomorphic (ancestral) • C. campylopodium most advanced • n=13 in more recently evolved

  31. Mascone tree rooted Least DNA C. chacoense C. annuum var. annuum C. frutescens C. chinense C. baccatum var. pendulum C. baccatum var. baccatum C. baccatum var. umbilicatum C. eximium C. pubescens Most DNA C. campylopodium x=13 ? C. parvifolium/cardenasii

  32. Mascone molecular Least DNA C. chacoense C. annuum var. annuum C. frutescens C. chinense C. baccatum var. pendulum C. baccatum var. baccatum C. baccatum var. umbilicatum C. eximium C. pubescens Most DNA C. campylopodium x=13 ? ? C. parvifolium/cardenasii ancestral

  33. X=13 species • C. ciliatum • C. buforum • C. campylopodium • C. cornutum • C. schottianum • C. villosum • C. pereirae * • C. friburguense * • 3 unnamed Capsicum

  34. Capsicum flexuosum

  35. n = 13 n = 12

  36. Conclusion • Capsicum needs more research • Appears to be an x=12/x=13 split in distant past • research hindered by incomplete sampling • Difficult to study domestication when phylogeny unresolved • 6 new species identified in last 8 years

  37. Naga Morich

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