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Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

Science 10. Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems. C1.1. A Window on a New World. Aristotle. Aristotle is known as “The Father of Biology.”.

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Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

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  1. Science 10 Unit C: Cycling of Matter in Living Systems

  2. C1.1 A Window on a New World

  3. Aristotle • Aristotle is known as “The Father of Biology.” • He was one of the first Greek philosophers who used the Scientific Method of observing, recording, reasoning, and interpreting in attempt to explain the world around him. Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)

  4. Hans and Zacharias Janssen A compound microscope uses more than one lens to magnify objects.

  5. Robert Hooke Hooke’s three-lens system has two lenses in the ocular.

  6. Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) Hooke’s drawing of cork cells Robert Hooke coined the term “cells” when he observed cork under his microscope. He named the tiny chambers as such because they reminded him of the rooms that monks occupy in a monastery.

  7. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe the movement of living cells. “animalcules” Antoni van Leeuwehoek (1632 – 1723)

  8. Eye Piece or Ocular Lens. • Coarse Focus Adjustment • Arm • Stage Clip • Fine Focus Adjustment • Base • Lamp • Diaphragm • Stage • Objective Lenses • Revolving Nosepiece • Body Tube text pg. 478

  9. Calculating Magnification The magnification tells us how much larger (or smaller) the picture is than the real size of the specimen under the microscope. magnification = (objective lens) (ocular lens) Skill Practice pg. 244 What is the magnification if the following combinations of lenses are used? a) a 2.5X low-power objective lens and a 10X eyepiece 25X b) a 100X low-power objective lens and a 10X eyepiece 1000X

  10. Units of Measurement (see data booklet)

  11. Micro-organisms like bacteria and viruses can range in size from 10 µm to just a few nanometres.

  12. Unit Conversions To convert from one unit to another, we use a conversion factor. It is a fraction where the numerator is equivalent to the denominator. Examples 1) 20 nm = ? m 20 nm = 2.0 × 10-8 m 2) 400 pm = ? mm 400 pm = 4.00 × 10-7 mm

  13. Field of View The field of view is the entire area that you see when you look through the microscope. To compare different fields of view, we usually measure their diameters.

  14. 100 X 1000 X Magnification increases the size of what you see BUT decreases the amount of the object in view.

  15. Since the field of view decreases in size in direct proportion to the increase of the magnification, we can calculate the size of the other fields of view. For example: If the field of view is 4000μ at 40X, it will be 10 times smaller at 400X, or 400μ in size. 4000 0.4 400

  16. text p. 481 Drawing Scientific Diagrams 400 µm

  17. Actual Size and Scale To calculate actual size and scale of a diagram of a specimen under a microscope, you measure (or calculate) the diameter of the field of view (on the microscope) and the actual size of the finished diagram (on your page). must be in the same units!

  18. Homework: • read pages 242 – 246 • C1.1 Check and Reflect page 246 #’s 1 – 8 • Line Masters 1 and 2

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