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Introduction to English Literatures

Introduction to English Literatures. Lectures 7-8. “ Cascando ” by Beckett.

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Introduction to English Literatures

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  1. Introduction to English Literatures Lectures 7-8

  2. “Cascando” by Beckett saying againif you do not teach me I shall not learnsaying again there is a lasteven of last timeslast times of begging Morphological Figurelast times of lovingof knowing not knowing pretendinga last even of last times of sayingif you do not love me I shall not be loved Syntactic Figure if I do not love you I shall not love Phonological Figure the churn of stale words in the heart againlove love love thud of the old plungerpestling the unalterablewhey of words Semantic Figure terrified againof not lovingof loving and not youof being loved and not by youof knowing not knowing pretendingpretending Morphological I and all the others that will love you Pragmatic Figureif they love you unless they love you

  3. Types of Rhetorical Figures 1. phonological : alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia ("He claps the crag with crooked hands“: Tennyson, "The Eagle") 2. morphological : changing meaning at the level of words, e.g. word repetition: "Help! I need somebody/ Help! Not just anybody/ Help! You know I need someone" (Beatles) 3. syntactic figures: changing meaning at the level of sentences e.g. parallelism "Lufthansa – the more you fly"; "Beauty is truth, truth is Beauty" (Keats, "Ode to a Grecian Urn") 4. semantic at the level of meaning, e.g. metaphors, tropes ("O heavy lightness! serious vanity!" (Romeo and Juliet) 5. pragmatic at the level of language use (rhetorical manipulation): "Hast not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?" (The Merchant of Venice)

  4. Poetry Mind Map (Foregrounding Principles) LexicalRhythmic Visual (speech situation) (meter and thyme) (stanzas) (Rhetorical Figures) Phono Morph. Snyt. Sem.Pragma Imagery (Metaphor, Simile, Synecdoche, Synasthesia, Metonymy)

  5. Phonological Alliteration: succession of same sound or same consonant group Wild Wild West, Sea Shells Sell Consonance: (pause in alliteration; intervening vowel) Gobbets of Blubber; Son of a Gun Assonance (congruence between vowel sounds) Blind eyes

  6. Morphological Anaphora – Repetition of first verse or clause I remember you as you were I remember you as are Epiphora – Repetition at the end of verse or clause You came to the end of the world Yet you didn’t know it was the end of the world Epanalepsis– Repetition in close succession Is it a lie, is it a truth of the lie Why do you cry, why do you make me cry Anadiplosis an-uh-di-ploh-sis – tail repetition I didn’t know I made you cry cry, I say, for I am thirsty for your tears Polyptoton I couldn’t cry when you cried I lied before I knew it was a lie Figure etymologica (Repetition of Root) hit the hitman Play like a player Synonymy I disliked the soup she declined it too

  7. Example Cannon to right of them, (anaphora) Cannon to left of them, (anaphora) Cannon in front of them (anaphora) (Canon in front – assonance) Volleyed and thundered; (consonance) Stormed at with shot and shell, (alliteration/consonance) Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, (anaphora) Into the mouth of Hell (anaphora) Rode the six hundred (metonymy)    (Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade")

  8. Example Cascando Beckett Saying again if you do not teach me I shall not learn saying again there is a last even of last timeslast times of begging Anadiplosis last times of lovingof knowing not knowing pretending Epanalepsisa last even of last times of sayingif you do not love me I shall not be loved Polyptotonif I do not love you I shall not love the churn of stale words in the heart againlove love love thud of the old plunger Epanalepsispestling the unalterablewhey of wordsterrified againof not lovingof loving and not you Epiphoraof being loved and not by you Epiphoraof knowing not knowing pretendingpretending Anadiplosis I and all the others that will love you Epiphoraif they love you Epiphora

  9. Syntactic Parallelism (succession) Remember when we were young, we played together Remember when we got old, we hated each other Chiasmuskahy-az-muhs((reversal of structure in successive clauses) With wealth your state/ your mind with arts improve (Donne, The Canonization) Asyndeton (succession of words or phrases) Peel it, rip it, shout, yell, say something! Polysyndeton (conjoining words or clauses) Day gone by which hover and watchover what I see and I drink and think Inversion (reversal of normal word order) Strange fits of Passion Have I known (Wordsworth) Hysteron proteron (reversal of logical succession of events) I and all the others that will love you if they love you Ellipsis (omission of words phrases verbs) Lufthansa – the more you fly Aposiopesisapo-saio-pesis (abrupt interrpution) I will say it – well, why the hell should I say Zeugmazugma (multiple application of verb) I quit cigarettes and my love He kicked the bucket and habit

  10. Syntactic examples Find out the Synonymy: What is become of that beautiful face,Those lovely looks, that favour amiable,Those sweet features, and visage full of grace [...]“ What figure of speech is this? And he to England shall along with you."("Hamlet" by Shakespeare) What figure of speech is this? "He knowinglyled and we blindlyfollowed."("Essay on Man" by Pope) What figure of speech is this? "- No, you unnatural hags,I will have such revenges on you both,That all the world shall- I will do such things,-What they are yet I know not; but they shall beThe terrors of the earth."("King Lear" by Shakespeare)

  11. Semantic Semantic figures work at the level of words and meanings Euphemism To be under the weather (ill) passed away (dead) Gone far away (heaven) in the silent land (death) Pleonasms (redundancy) Could you repeat that again (rather than could you say that again) Oxymoron (contradictory, unseeming terms combined) What a good terrorist are you! I am feeling awfully good! Paradoxon Believe me, I am a compulsive liar Antithesis (opposite meanings balanced) Love is so short, forgetting is so long To err is human, to forgive is divine Simile (direct comparison) I drive like a maniac Metaphor (indirect comparison with similar meanings) You are a machine Big problems are cold water showers, you have to get out as quickly as you get in

  12. Semantic Metonym (ontological attribution) Wall street is in shatters The empire strikes back Hyperbole (exaggeration) I am so thirsty I could drink a river! Synesthesia The mind of the man has not heard, but the ear of the man has I have a great taste for sound Catachresis (different from oxymoron – dislodged mixed metaphors; no opposites) Take a plunge into your reality Blind mouths Embracepain Personification The dish ran away with the spoon The stone! It has a heart! How warm does it get when laid out in sun shine Hendaid (two words in composite order) There is no rhyme or reason for his action He did his song and dance all over again Paronomasia (pun) To be or not TU be At times of woe you cannot woo Anti-Climax (illogical succession and ending) Nearly all of my best men are dead

  13. Pragmatic Rhetorical questions (answers itself) You say we are of different faiths. Would you believe in my God if I meet you in the same heaven? Apostrophe (breaking the speech and directing to a person or idea) Has madness taken you! Milton! would thou were here! Oh, Death, be not proud! Irony (opposite meaning outcome of what is intended) For Brutus is an honourable man So are they all, all honourable men Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink ; Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink

  14. What Pragmatic Figure is this? • JULIET:'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? it is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other partBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? that which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owesWithout that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself.

  15. Examples What figure of speech is this? O heavy lightness, serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!This love I feel, that feel no love in this—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet I.i

  16. "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802“ (William Wordsworth) Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by inversion A sight so touching in its majesty: This City now doth, like a garment, wearcomparison, personification The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie Asyndeton Open unto the fields, and to the sky; All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep personification of sun In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill; Asyndeton Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! inversion The river glideth at his own sweet will: personification of river Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; exclamation, personification And all that mighty heart is lying still! personification of heart

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