EVIDENCE of evolution

1. EVIDENCE of evolution IMSS BIOLOGY ~SUMMER 2013

2. Evolution is the unifying principle of biology. • We study biology to determine the commonalities of life, in order to more clearly understand its diversity. • Understanding evolution opens the door to such clarity.

3. ACTIVITY • Demetrius Asekomeh The Interactive Science Notebook 15 min.

4. 0 Quick Write • Answer the following: • How do you define biological evolution?

5. Concept mapping • Tool of visual learning, type of graphic organizer http://www.inspiration.com/visual-learning/concept-mapping • Visual learning helps students see how concepts/ideas are connected (especially to prior knowledge) and organize large amounts of info • Integrated with verbal strategies, aligned with Common Core • Good assessment tool

6. Concept mapping – nuts & bolts • Start with main idea/topic/issue or focus question • Identify key concepts that connect/relate to main idea and rank them • More general, inclusive concepts come first, then link to smaller, more specific concepts • Finish by connecting concepts • Establish links and cross-links, and create linking phrases and words

7. Create an evolutionary genetics Concept map • Create a concept map that includes the core concepts/ideas that students need to understand to connect genetics with evolution. • Use the supplies provided (poster paper, sentence strips, sharpies, colored yarn). • You are welcome to modify/edit your map throughout the week.

8. Sample concept map for photosynthesis & respiration.

9. Lines of Evidence – Overview • Biological evolution leaves observable signs. • We will examine some of the many lines of evidence in support of evolution • The fossil record • Comparative anatomy • Comparative embryology • Biogeography • Molecular genetics

10. The Fossil Record • Fossils are imprints or remains of organisms that provide snapshots of the past—evidence for evolutionary links between past & present forms. • E.g. Discovery of fossilized hind limb bones of a whale ancestor—evidence that whales evolved from land-dwelling tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) called Pakicetus. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03

11. Fossil Record: Transitional forms (“missing links”) • Intermediates between ancestral forms & present-day descendants. • Helps us understand how present-day forms arose from ancestral forms. • E.g. Aetiocetus mammals were one of the missing links between Pakicetus and modern day whales. Fig. 13.6

12. Fossil Record: Horse evolution • One of the best-studied stories from the fossil record. • Complex lineage of > 34 genera. • Environmental changes from tropical woodlands to grasslands selected for a variety of form-function modifications. • Faster locomotion over greater distances • Dietary shifts from leaves, shrubs to grasses • Reduction in # toes • Increase in body size, longer limbs • Changes in tooth morphology Fig. 13.6 Starr & Taggart, The Unity and Diversity of Life, Wadsworth

13. Comparative Anatomy • Comparison of body structure (morphology) between different species • Evidence for descent with modification • Homology • Similarity in structures due to common ancestry • E.g. forelimbs of mammals are homologous structures that are constructed from the same skeletal components and are variations on a common anatomical theme.

14. Comparative Anatomy (cont’d.) • Forelimbs of tetrapods (the four-limbed vertebrates) • Differ in form, corresponding to different functions • All share same set of bones, e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, etc.

15. Comparative Anatomy (cont’d.) • These same sets of bones are seen in fossil forelimbs of tetrapod common ancestors and transitional forms, e.g. the extinct transitional form Eusthenopteron. mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/historyoflife/ch08images.html

16. Homologous as forelimbs – bones of the forelimbs are the same • Analogous as wings – similar function but evolved independently with different “architecture”

17. Comparative Anatomy (cont’d.) • Vestigial structures • Remnants of features that served important functions in an organism’s ancestors • Now have only marginal, if any, function • E.g. snake pelvic bones • E.g. whale pelvic bones Glencoe Biology, 2005

18. Comparative Embryology • All vertebrate embryos follow a common developmental path due to common ancestry. • All have a set of very similar genes that define their basic body plan and development. • As they grow, distinctions become more apparent. • The study of this development can yield insights into the process of evolution. • Activity to support this concept – Comparative Embryology: The Vertebrate Body from PBS Evolution http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/2/l_042_03.html

19. Comparative Embryology (cont’d.) • E.g. pharyngeal gill pouches appear on side of embryo’s throat, which • develop into gill structures in fish • form parts of the ear & throat in humans

20. Biogeography • Study of the geographic distribution of species that first suggested to Darwin that today’s organisms evolved from ancestral forms. • Many biogeographic examples would be difficult to understand, except from an evolutionary perspective. • E.g. marsupial mammals in Australia

21. E.g. Marsupial Evolution • Marsupials occur in greatest diversity in Australia (& New Zealand) but also found in Americas. • Fossil marsupials found in Antarctic, S. America, & Australia. • Gondwana split apart 160 - 90 mya  Australia + Antarctica  Australia • Marsupials diversify in “isolation” on this island continent. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IIIBgeography.shtml

22. Molecular Genetics • Evolutionary relationships among species can be determined by comparing gene sequences. • The DNA code itself is a homology that links all life to a common ancestor. • Gene & protein comparisons among diverse species  genetic relatedness & understanding of evolutionary divergence • E.g. homologous genes have DNA sequences that match closely and are thus inherited by a relatively recent common ancestor

23. 0 Evolution is defined as descent with modification from a common ancestor. What exactly has evolution modified over time? (A) Homologous structures (B) Any anatomical feature (C) Individual organism’s genome (D) Proportion of genes passed from generation to generation (E) Gene frequency within a population