The Greek Civilization

1. The Greek Civilization

2. THE EARLY GREEK WORLD Mycenae Crete

3. Aegean Civilization: Crete, the Island Settled by the Minoans They developed a thriving trading center from their capital city, Knossos. A rich economy of finely crafted pottery, gold and silver jewelry, and elaborate palaces marked the Minoan culture until its collapse, perhaps due to a natural disaster (a tidal wave may have destroyed the capital) or foreign invaders. Knossos video clip Knossos 3D Thera eruption

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5. Aegean Civilization: Mycenea, the Mainland Like the Minoans, they traded throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Unlike the Minoans they relied on warrior-kings to rule surrounding villages. Whereas the Minoans portrayed scenes of nature an sport in their art, the Mycenaeans chose war and hunting scenes as their subjects. Struggles with neighboring states led to war with Troy, ending when the Greeks gifted the Trojans with the famous horse filled with soldiers.

6. The Greek “Dark Ages” Fighting between Mycenaean cities and invasions by the Dorians led to the collapse of Mycenea. The once-prosperous traders reverted to a simpler lifestyle centered on local villages and less contact with areas outside the Aegean. This internal focus formed what would become a common Greek culture valuing courage, honor and excellence This time is also know as the “Homeric Age” because much of the knowledge from this time comes from Homer’s epics (a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero), the Illiad and the Odyssey. Through his writings Greeks saw a hero’s struggle for arete as a struggle for excellence of Greek virtue which they could imitate.

7. THE GREEK CITY-STATES • The Role of the City-States • The mountains of the Aegean peninsula led to isolation; the city became the ultimate source of authority, protection and livelihood. • Polis: “city” which exercised the powers usually associated with a national state; a city-state • Government of the City-State developed over time in different forms to serve different needs

9. Rivalry of Two City-States

10. THE GREEK WARS • The Persian Wars (Persia vs. Greek City-States). The basic issue: Persian expansion (militarily) westward conflicted with Greek expansion (economically) eastward • The Battle of Marathon. Athens supported colonies who revolted against Persian rule in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). Darius led his Persians to attack Greece near Athens, but met with defeat. • The Battle of Thermopylae. Xerxes continued the war against Greece by crossing the Hellespont and travelling around the Aegean Sea to the Peloponnesus. The Greeks, under a defensive league led by Sparta and supported by an Athenian navy, made their stand at the narrow mount pass at Thermopylae. The famous defense by 300 Spartans delayed the advance, but could not stop the Persians. 26.1 26.3

11. THE GREEK WARS • The Battle of Salamis Bay. The Persians razed Athens. The people, under the leadership of Themistocles, had withdrawn to safety. Within a year, the Athenian navy, which the Spartans had originally not been in favor of building, trapped and destroyed the Persian fleet. Without support from or a means of escape by the sea, the remaining Persian army was defeated. http://teaspoonofhistory.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/trireme.jpg http://www.soue.org.uk/souenews/issue5/jenkin1.jpg

12. An Athenian Empire • After the expulsion of the Persians, Athens led the Greeks to form a defensive alliance, the Delian League, against further Persian aggression. Under Pericles, the Athenians expanded their empire abroad and cultivated democracy at home. • Athens began a direct democracy in which every male citizen participated in the governing assembly. • Building projects repaired the damage done by the Persians: public building, temples, and statues to extol Greek greatness.

13. The Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta) • The success of Athens and the Delian League bred competition with Sparta and its supporters, the Peloponnesian League, and eventually brought civil war—Greeks vs. Greeks. • The clash between the two city-states fundamentally favored the Spartans: its militaristic heritage prompted an offensive strategy and the city’s inland location negated the Athenian navy. Athens, on the other hand, relied on a defensive position within its walls as supported by the navy. A plague weakened the Athenians, assuring victory for the Spartans. • The weakened Greek states failed to see the growing power of Macedonia, ready to conquer the quarreling city-states.

14. THE GREEK CULTURE • The Essence of Greek Culture • The values and character of the people: beauty, justice, knowledge, self-control, balance, creativity, physical ability • The “Golden Age”: the time which represents the best a society has to offer • A focus on man. The word HUMANITIES describes studies that explain the characteristics and qualities of man (philosophy, history, language, etc.). The word HUMANISM describes an approach that puts man and man’s ideas above all else.

15. The Expressions of Greek Culture • Religion. The Greeks considered religion a necessary part of life. They devoted themselves to a variety of gods and goddesses who oversaw the world from Mt. Olympus. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQYr-hrKj9vAgwrpcJEO5B-sIG5A4aJBovth_85NLQqOJWApEH

16. Ceremonies or rites, called rituals, involved prayers and gifts to the gods. The Greeks held festivals to honor the gods; the Olympics grew from these religious festivals. http://www.live-production.tv/system/files/imagecache/FW_GALLERY/London_2012_Olympic_Flame_is_Lit_in_Greece.jpg

17. Plays became public lessons in morals and social issues. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLVxwQQP8vPOg6FET-QUe3H3a0_Q-li0NLSXrZ3tp8gAQPu9_6Kw http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTK_TJOi6n_QaJ0xVF-tgqHaWSZPLIdxfd3KgPGbCtOFcDIfKSQ In addition, the Greeks sought the will of the gods through the use of oracles, where the gods communicated to the people through priests.

18. Philosophy. “The Love of Wisdom”; a system of values and beliefs that guides one’s actions. Every philosophy seeks to answer three basic questions: • Where did I come from? • (the origin of man) • What am I doing here? • (the purpose of man) • Where am I going? • (the destiny of man)

19. Thales of Miletus. The Father of Philosophy; the first to explain the origin of the universe in physical, not spiritual, terms. Sophists. Traveling teachers who argued that man couldn’t understand the universe, that there was no absolute right or wrong, and that wisdom came from pursuing one’s own good.

20. Socrates. Philosopher who taught his students to live by certain ethics – a precise code of right and wrong. He used a method of asking leading questions followed by the analyzing of the answers (The Socratic Method). He believed knowledge already existed within each person, the task for each person was to “know thyself”. He emphasized reason.

21. Plato. A pupil of Socrates; wrote The Republic in which he described the ideal society in which everyone worked together for the common good; he believed reality was in the world of ideas (idealism). Aristotle. A pupil of Plato; known as the father of classical realism (reality was not in ideas, but in the actual physical world); he taught that happiness came from virtue and that virtue was a balance between extreme behaviors; he also established rules for thinking, called logic (the syllogism)

22. All dogs have four legs. Fido is a dog. Fido has four legs.

23. Epicurus. He believed that human beings were free to follow their own self-interest and make happiness their goal. It was to be a life not of physical pleasure, but one free from emotional turmoil and worry. Stoicism. Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics believed happiness came through acceptance of individual destiny, self-discipline and control of emotions. Diogenes. He believed that human beings should live according to nature. His followers, called Cynics, avoided pleasure, wealth and social responsibility. Happiness came by fulfilling “natural needs.” Pyrrho. Skeptics lived on the premise that man knows nothing, nothing is certain and everything is subject to doubt. Happiness came from accepting what life presents to you.

24. Pythagoras. The universe could be explained in mathematical terms; the Pythogrean Theorem. Hippocrates. The “Father of Medicine”; illness had a natural, physical cause.

25. Euclid. The “Father of Geometry” Archimedes. Mathematician who developed the concept of pi, “invented” the water screw, and devised battering rams and engines of war.

26. Herodotus. The “Father of History”; wrote history, but did not always distinguish between fact and fiction making him more of a storyteller. Thucydides. Considered to be the first genuine historian; emphasized objectivity (writing without a bias) Aeschylus. Playwright of the Trojan Wars who showed how pride could bring misfortune and how the gods could humble even the greatest heroes. Sophocles. Wrote plays that de-emphasized the gods and placed man as the cause of their own suffering. Aristophanes. Comedic writer who chose satire to criticize society, mocking people and institutions.

27. Excellence in Art. Greek architecture expressed itself most importantly by the building of temples. The most famous temples is the Parthenon. The principles of classical Greek architecture are the search for calmness, clarity, and the freedom from unnecessary detail. Builders looked for balance through the use of simple rectangles surrounded by tall columns.

29. Greek sculpture portrayed these ideals well. Sculptors sought a standard of ideal beauty, not the real. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEEsgaHR4kAYaMWLgqOLG20T5QCbBhImkxwXytC2hTfEw6ClhJ http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Misc/Discobolos2.jpg Discobolus by myron Nike of Samothrace

30. A GREEK EMPIRE The Rise of Macedonia. Philip II brought peace to the Greek city-states through war. He appreciated and encouraged the Greek culture. His ambition to lead the Greeks against the Persians ended with his assassination.

31. B. The Conquests of Alexander. A student of Aristotle, Alexander epitomized the idea of scholar-warrior—a leader well-versed both in cultural learning and war. Alexander began a slow, eleven year conquest of the declining Persian empire, making his way through Asia Minor, Egypt, and to India where his soldiers refused to go further.

32. Upon reaching Babylon, Alexander—succumbing to wounds, fever, and alcohol—died at the age of 32. One of the greatest military minds of history, he built an empire without ever losing a major battle, yet failed to provide a way for his vast empire to be governed. His four generals divided his empire: Egypt (Ptolemy); Syria and Persia (Selecus); Macedonia and Greece (Cassander); and Thrace (Lysimachus).

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34. The Hellenistic Age (323-100 BC). His military exploits aside, Alexander’s legacy lies with the spreading of Greek culture throughout Southwest Asia. It became a time in which the people desired to imitate the Greeks, giving rise to a blending and uniting of various cultures into what would become the cradle of western civilization.