England: Tudor Queen and Stuart Kings

1. England: Tudor Queen and Stuart Kings 1558 - 1688

2. Elizabeth I – “Virgin Queen” Elizabeth was daughter of Henry VIII Came to the throne after Mary Tudor, a catholic She faced a number of challenges in her rule of England – What were her 4 main challenges?

3. 4 Challenges Religious conflicts A rival queen, (her cousin Mary of Scots) Spanish ambitions Financial difficulties

4. Religious Issues • Elizabeth compromised to meet demands of both Catholics and Protestants – got Parliament to pass 2 religious laws to back her • Act of Uniformity – national Church of England, (like her father had created), only legal Church, all citizens must attend • Act of Supremacy – Elizabeth is supreme governor of the Church of England

5. Religious Compromise • Elizabeth kept traditions of Catholicism and Protestantism in the Church of England • Allowed priests to marry and preach in English, who does this? • Rich robes and golden crucifixes kept by formal priests • She cared more about loyalty of her subjects than religion

6. Mary Stuart plots against Elizabeth • Mary was a Catholic and plotted to overthrow Elizabeth • Elizabeth approved judge’s decision • Mary Queen of Scots beheaded for trying to overthrow her • Mary was being supported by Spain and devout Catholics who opposed Elizabeth

7. Philip of Spain threatens England Philip II hoped to marry Elizabeth after Mary died, (her sister Mary, not her cousin) Instead she encouraged Francis Drake, a pirate, to steal from the Spanish empire in the Americas

8. Defeat of the Spanish Armada • Elizabeth angered Philip II when she beheaded Mary Queen of Scots and knighted Francis Drake • Philip ordered an invasion of England • Despite a huge naval force, the Spanish were unable to invade England

9. Money Problems • While Spain had a huge empire in the Americas to collect gold and silver, England had money problems • England began to build an empire of their own and set up joint-stock companies • invest in a share of a company and collect a proportional share of its profit, or lose it all! • East India Company is established

10. Parliament Asserts itself • Puritans in Parliament did not like Catholic traditions in the Church Of England • They demanded changes • Puritans were a minority • Queen refused changes

11. William Shakespeare Plays were put on in the Globe Theater The people of England enjoyed the plays of Shakespeare Groundlings paid a penny to stand in front of the stage

12. Globe Theatre (original burned down in the Great Fire of 1666) This is where Shakespeare’s plays were performed.

13. End of the Tudor Dynasty Elizabeth dies without ever having a child Her cousin James Stuart takes the throne of England James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, (he is also King of Scotland, but keeps the two countries separate)

14. Divine Right of Kings- Monarchs have authority to rule from God, kings were not answerable to the people

15. James I and Parliament James thought negotiating with Parliament was beneath him Puritan Members of Parliament wanted changes in the Church of England Parliament refused to give James I money to pay off debts

16. King James Bible James appointed a group of scholars to come up with a single translation of the Bible Millions of English speaking Protestants still use the King James version of the Bible

17. Charles I Rules England 1625 Charles I, son of James, inherits the throne and his father’s problems He had more problems with Parliament, always wanted $, but they refused to give him any and he would NOT compromise for it He believed in the Divine Right of Kings

18. Charles I angers just about everyone Charles goes to war with France and Spain Parliament refuses to grant him funds and he dismisses Parliament Demanded forced loans from nobles, jailed those who didn’t pay up He quartered troops in private homes

19. Petition of Rights • Desperate for $ for the war, Charles calls on Parliament in 1628; they give him $ so long as he signs the Petition of Rights: • No forced loans or taxes without Parliaments’ consent • No imprisonment without cause • No housing soldiers in private homes • No martial law in times of peace

20. Charles dismisses Parliament for 11 years Charles used fees and fines to raise money Could not get along with Parliament or Puritans

21. Laud’s Error The Scots were when an English priest tried to make them worship the Church of England and threatened to attack England Charles needed money to meet this danger so he called Parliament

22. Parliament gets revenge on Charles Parliament passed laws limiting the power of the king instead of raising money The king tried to arrest leaders in Parliament, but was unsuccessful Londoners were outraged and the city became unsafe for Charles – he fled to the North and raised an army

23. England’s Civil War – Cavaliers vs. Roundheads • Cavaliers- Kings Forces • Roundheads (due to their Haircuts (similar to Jim Carey in “dumb and dumber)

24. English Civil War1642-1649 Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army v. King’s Forces 100,000 Died in battle – much more radical feelings take hold Puritans majority of Cromwell’s Army Nobles and Church Officials majority of Kings Army Charles I- Tried and Executed, (1st time ever a King has public trial and execution) Cromwell Wins!

25. Oliver Cromwell Puritan Led the New Model Army Fought Charles I Disrespected Parliament Became Military Dictator- LORD PROTECTOR

26. Cromwell as Lord Protector • Ran a Strict Govt. • Believed in Religious Liberty (people can choose their religion) • Raised Taxes w/out Parliament • Disbanded Parliament, created his own government • Imprisoned people w/out Trial • Fought and defeated Irish Catholics in Ireland • Strict social laws in London (no dancing, theatre etc…) Puritan laws

27. Richard Cromwell • 1658 -Took over for his Father, Oliver • Lord Protector • Unable to effectively rule- Parliament forced him out (1660)

28. Charles II (1660-1685) The Restoration • Charles I family had fled to Catholic France • Charles II and his brother James were raised in France • They secretly agreed to become Catholic (deal with French King, Louis XIV (14) who was secretly giving him money) • Parliament brought back Charles II and restored his family to the Throne- Restoration

29. Charles II as a Ruler • Reasonable ruler, sought to give more religious liberty • Upset Parliament that didn’t like Catholicism • Arts flourished • Law providing for Habeas Corpus (see US Constitution) Passed by Parliament • People could no longer be placed in Jail and not given a trial

30. Development of Political Parties • Charles dies w/out an heir-always a problem • Political parties develop as a result of the conflict over who will get to rule England when Charles dies • (roots of our political party system today)

31. James II (1685-1688) Brother of Charles II Political Parties combine to oust James II from power (he is Catholic) His 1st daughter, Mary, (Protestant) living in the Netherlands with her husband, William, is brought over to rule. (what American city was named for James II??? Hint: Before he was James II he was the Duke of __ ___ ___ ___). Because there was already a city with the same name in England this American city’s name begins with the word “New”)

32. A Catholic on the Throne is Dangerous! • James’s oldest child was Protestant • Has another child (a son) while King- This Child is Catholic • Causes Fear that Catholicism will be restored • James appointed Catholics to high office- Upset Parliament • Like Charles I, suspends Parliament from meeting-> Demands for James removal

33. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION1688 • Little Bloodshed during the removal of James II • “GLORIOUS REVOLUTION” • William and Mary- will have less power than James II and his brother Charles II John Locke writes the English Bill of Rights. This places more limits on the power of the King and Queen • Winners – Parliament and Protestantism • Losers- Monarchy, Catholicism and James II

34. English (Bill of Rights) 1688Declaration of Rights King can’t suspend the laws of Parliament (see Declaration of Independence) Parliament had to meet frequently (US Constitution) Elections should be free and fair (US Constitution) Debates in parliament should be subject to freedom of speech (US Constitution No Taxes without approval of Parliament (see US Constitution) No Standing Army without approval of Parliament (See US Constitution) No excessive Bail (see US 8th Amendment) (These and other laws provide the foundation for the US Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution)

35. Thomas Hobbes Leaders are given Power by the People (Social Contract) • People are NASTY, BRUTISH AND GREEDY • Therefore, Leaders need to be incredibly Powerful • If two people, individually go out to hunt a deer, they are more likely to kill each other than work together to capture a deer • Hobbes saw people at their worst- He lived in a very bloody and murderous time (English Civil War) Leviathan- Sea Monster All Powerful Monarch

36. John Locke Political Writer and Philosopher • Optimistic about Man and Society • Man is good, ability to use REASON • Society did not need an Absolute Monarch, the best government is a limited Government. • Essays on Government (1690) • Government is subject to the People (Social Contract) • People have Natural Rights- Include Life and Liberty • Government should protect Life, Liberty and Property • Power of Government should be LIMITED • Revolution is justified if Government fails to properly Govern • Wrote the English Bill of Rights (also called the Declaration of Rights)

37. Is Revolution Ok? What is the best form of government? Should people be able to decide for themselves? How much control should the government have over our lives?