SS8H11 and SS8H12

1. SS8H11 and SS8H12 -The Modern Civil Rights Movement -Developments in Georgia since 1970

2. Herman Talmadge Herman Talmadge • Governor of GA • Restructured highway department • Created Georgia Forestry Commission • Passed Minimum Foundation Program for Education act – Extended schools to 9 months • Elected to US senate • Served from 1956-81

3. Benjamin Mays Benjamin Mays Civil Rights Leader Became a member of the city’s Board of Education President of Morehouse College

4. White Primaries and County Unit White Primaries and County Unit White people got to pick the candidate to run for office The county unit system allowed the counties to each have a vote The popular vote did not determine the official

5. 1946 Governors Race and End of White Primaries • Democratic Primary • Eugene Talmadge • Eurith Rivers • James Carmichael • Carmichael wins popular vote • Talmadge wins the county unit vote • Talmadge becomes gov • Talmadge dies and his son Herman Talmadge becomes gov • Bypassing Melvin Thompson the vice govenor • Herman locks himself in office declares himself governor • Thompson eventually becomes gov.

6. Brown v. Board of Education 1950, 7 year old (African American) Linda Brown tries to enroll in a white school in Topeka, Kansas Denied NAACP and father sue 1954 Separate-but-Equal was found Unconstitutional Plessy v. Ferguson overturned Schools must now desegregate

7. Martin Luther King, Jr. Preacher Lived in Atlanta Attended Booker T. Washington High school 1944 entered Morehouse College 1947 ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church 1948 earned doctorate from Boston University

8. Martin Luther King, Jr. continued • Developed non-violent social change • 4 prong approach to gaining civil rights • 1. non-violent action • 2. legal remedies • 3. ballots • 4. economic boycott

9. Martin Luther King, Jr. continued Boycott business Lunch Counter Sit ins 1964 awarded Nobel Prize for actions 1965 led march in Selma, Alabama to support voting rights Pushed congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – African guaranteed right to vote March 11, 1969, James Earl Ray shot and killed King.

10. 1956 State Flag 1956 State Flag Georgia changes its flag to include the Confederacy Many upset Symbolizes the old racist south Others want to keep Georgia history alive

11. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)(know acronym) • Pronounced “snick” • Led by John Lewis • Students who fought for rights using non-violence • Conducted Sit ins- sit down and refuse to move

12. Sibley Commission Public hearings to see how people in GA felt about integration 2 out of 3 Georgians would rather see schools closed than integrated Districts could choose if they wanted to integrate Private schools are created

13. Hamilton Holmes & Charlayne Hunter to UGA • UGA’s first black students • Gov. Vandiver allowed it • Charlayne Hunter becomes famous Newspaper & TV reporter • Hamilton Holmes becomes Phi Beta Kappa • Becomes Orthopedic Surgeon • Dies in 1995

14. Albany Movement 6 years after Brown v. Board Albany still segregated “freedom riders” arrive to support Albany Movement created to desegregate and get Africans to vote People arrested and jailed

15. March on Washington • August 28, 1963 • Political rally • Theme “jobs, justice and peace” • 80% african 20% white • King gives “I have a dream” speech

16. Civil Rights Act • 1964 • Desegregated all public facilities • Restaurants • Theaters • Hotels • Public recreation areas • Schools • Libraries

17. Election of Maynard Jackson as Mayor of Atlanta • 1st African American Mayor of southern city • Served 8 years • Morehouse Graduate • Brought Olympics to GA • African American business thrived

18. William Hartsfield • Mayor of Georgia • 6 terms • Made Atlanta aviation hub • Helped with civil rights • Hired African American police • Invited civil rights leaders to city

19. Lester Maddox Lester Maddox • 1967 elected gov. • Segregationalist • Restaurant owner • Improved education

20. Andrew Young and Georgia Civil Rights leader Marched in Civil Rights Movement Pastor Mayor of Atlanta after Jackson U.S. Ambassador to the UN 1981 elected mayor Brought Olympics to GA Revamped Atlanta Zoo Reelected by 80%

21. SS8H12: Developments in Georgia since 1970 • A) Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment. • B) Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president. • C) Analyze the impact of the rise of the two party system in Georgia. • D) Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia. • E) Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia.

22. End of the County Unit System • This system had been in place since 1917. • It was designed to maintain the power of the rural areas of the state even though the greatest population growth was in urban areas. • In April 1962, the GA federal court ruled that the county unit system violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

23. End of the County Unit System • Once the county unit system was ruled unconstitutional, the majority of representatives in the GA house came from the urban areas. • Political power shifted from rural to urban areas. • It also gave predominantly black population areas an equal opportunity to elect legislative representatives.

24. Reapportionment • The federal court decision on the county unit system was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Gray v. Sanders. It was in the 1963 decision in that case that the phrase “one person, one vote” was first used. • The one-person, one vote concept is that every citizen’s vote should be equal to every other citizen’s vote no matter where the person lived.

25. Reapportionment • In 1964, the federal court again ruled that Georgia’s constitution, which ensured each county in the state at least one seat in the legislature, violated the one-person, one-vote concept. • The General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) its Congressional voting districts to ensure that the districts were of equal population sizes.

26. Jimmy Carter • Only Georgian who has served as president of our country • Born in Plains, Georgia in 1924 • Graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis • In 1962, Carter was elected to the Georgia senate and elected governor in 1970.

27. Jimmy Carter continued • Many accomplishments: • Reorganized the state’s executive branch • Appointed the 1st woman as a state judge • Worked to equalize funding for public schools across the state and expanded special education, vocational education, and pre-school education • Expanded state mental health services for Georgians.

28. Announced his candidacy in 1976 for the Democratic presidential nomination He defeated President Gerald R. Ford in November 1976 and served one term in office. Jimmy Carter continued

29. Jimmy Carter’s Accomplishments • 1978 Camp David Middle East Peace Accords (between Israel & Egypt- the 1st peace treaty b/w Israel and an Arab neighboring state). • Ratification of the Panama Canal treaties • Establishment of diplomatic relations with China

30. Rise of the two-party system • During the 1980s and 1990s, politics underwent a major shift in many southern states • They elected Democrats to statewide offices and tended to favor Republicans in national elections. • It led to the establishment of a real two-party system in the state

31. Rise of the two-party system • Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney became the 1st African American woman from GA elected to Congress • In 1994, Republicans gained a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years, and Georgia’s Newt Gingrich was elected Speaker of the House. • In 2002, Republicans ended 100 years of Democratic rule by electing Sonny Purdue, the first Republican governor since Reconstruction .

32. 1996 Olympic Games • The games of the XXVI Olympiad were held in Atlanta in 1996. • The Olympics brought four long-term benefits to the state. • 1) millions of dollars were spent to create world-class competition facilities • 2) The Olympics brought international recognition to Atlanta.

33. 1996 Olympic Games • 3) The Olympics brought volunteer programs , educational and training programs, and employment opportunities to thousands of Georgia’s citizens. • 4) The economic impact of the Olympic Games brought millions of dollars into Georgia’s economy.

34. Immigrants • GA is known throughout the world as a leader in the production of carpet. There are many carpet mills and sales outlets for this thriving industry in NW Georgia. • Georgia centered this industry around the city of Dalton (in Whitfield County).

35. Immigrants continued • As the industry grew, many jobs have become available. • Many of these jobs were filled by people from Mexico and other Latin American countries. • The number of Hispanic immigrants has been so large in some areas that they constitute a majority in some school districts.

36. Immigrants continued • Immigrant populations impact Georgia’s economy in a large way. • Churches and ethnic businesses have sprung up in many towns to serve these people in areas (bringing religious diversity to communities).