Industrial Revolution, 1750-1920

1. Industrial Revolution, 1750-1920 CSSSS 1003 p. 170

2. Why Industrialization? • Human history has always had technology and production that made past societies great. • The Industrial Revolution, however, was an intense period of change and innovation that transformed the entire world, rapidly, for good and bad.

3. Industrialization-- • Uses new techniques, • Use machines/inventions • Uses factories • to turn primary resources into producer and consumer goods and services.

4. Agriculture • The Agricultural Revolution provided both long and short-term results: • EC: immediate: (3) • increased crop yield, • more efficient farming, • increased demand for labor. • EC: Long term: (2) • population growth, • migrated more to find work (in their country—cities, and then around the world).

5. Another scientific field was medicine. • Anesthetic: • stops pain. • Allowed surgery to take place, reduced shock (trauma (can be fatal)).

6. Enclosure: • Land system, started in England 200 years ago, • peasants were released from farm work and pushed off the land by their owners. • Struggling peasants bought off the land by richer farmers. • Still going on today in many developing countries,

7. James Watt: • Scottish developer of the first successful steam engine. • His engine would become useful for the textile, mining, and transportation industries. • Better engines, by other designers would follow over the decades.

8. Smelt: • a technique for making iron, using coal instead of wood. • Made it possible to separate iron from ore impurities. • Iron made this way was stronger, lasted longer.

9. EC Stronger iron • made (5) • boilers for steam engines more powerful = increasing speed and pulling power. • Stronger machine parts. • Harder utensils/tools • Rail roads • Iron bridges.

10. Great Britain: Leader of the Industrial Revolution p. 174

11. Capital: • Any wealth that can be used to purchase more wealth. • Old: land, resources. • New: land, resources, money, investments, and finance.

12. Why was Britain the home of the Industrial Revolution? • Great Britain had economic assets-- • Natural resources (iron, coal, water, copper, tin, wool, shipbuilding, timber), • human resources: growing population—healthier, literate (schools) • technological invention, • new techniques (factory system-- creation of factories), • demand for goods and services due to increased population, • access to capital (Wealth—land, resources, money. Money used to invest), • social conditions (freedom, democracy, capitalism, equality, justice, education = creativity), • political conditions (little corruption, government supported business, low taxes on business, repression of unions, etc.), • entrepreneurs, • better transportation, • powerful navy (protect commercial shipping/ports; invade other lands).

13. Enterprise: • any business. • Early industrial revolution enterprises were in • Agriculture • transportation, • mining, • energy • metals • Factory machines.

14. Entrepreneur: • a person willing to start a new business. • Usually has a good idea about a good or service that a lot of people will pay to use. • Is willing to take the risk of • borrowing much money • attracting people to buy the good or service. • Main goal is to make more money than it costs to make the product or perform the service. • profit motive

15. EC: What social and political conditions encouraged creativity and starting of new businesses by entrepreneurs? (10) • freedom, • democracy, • capitalism, • equality, • justice, • education • little corruption, • government supported business, • low taxes on business, • repression of unions,

16. Putting-out system: • also called the “cottage industry”. • Families would buy materials from factories and make key parts of a product in home workshops. • They would then sell the parts back to the factory at a higher price. • Factories would combine the parts into a final product. • Families were used to doing this for centuries as part of the domestic system.

17. Eli Whitney: • US, Developed the cotton gin. • Could now separate cotton from unwanted leaves and stems faster. • Whitney hoped that this would end slavery in the U.S; • making so many workers unnecessary. • That idea failed when U.S. cotton growers could • grow three times as much cotton in the same time • needed even more field workers (the hardest part of cotton work).

18. Turnpike: • a private road, built and managed for profit. • Fees were charged to use them. • Improved quality of turnpikes made transport of goods and people faster and smoother (less breakage).

19. Liverpool and Manchester: • first two British cities joined by a railroad. • Why them? • Relatively close, cheaper to build line. • Good markets (many factories and consumers in both

20. End hwk • Begin classwork

21. Standards Check, p. 171 • Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in World History? • The Industrial Revolution changed where and how people lived • Also how they worked and traveled

22. Graph skills, p. 171 • According to the graph, between which years was the largest percentage of land enclosed? • Between the 17th and 18th centuries (1600 and 1700)

23. Standards Check, p. 172 • How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth? • Because of an agricultural revolution: • People ate better • Were healthier • Living longer

24. Biography, p. 172 • How might the industrial revolution have been different if Watt had not found a business partner? • James Watt’s improved steam engine might not have been marketed right away, which could have meant a delay in the spread of the Industrial Revolution.

25. Standards Check, p. 173 • What new technologies helped trigger the Industrial Revolution? • Watt’s improved steam engine and better-quality iron helped contribute to the Industrial Revolution

26. EC: New Agricultural Techniques • Lord Townshend: • use turnips to restore old soil (technique) • Jethro Tull: • seed drill = uniform seed depositing (technology)

27. Great Britain Begins the Industrial Revolution

28. Standards Check, p. 175 • What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution? • Britain’s • Natural resources • Human resources • Technological superiority • Demand for goods due to increased population • Access to capital • Social and political conditions

29. Map Skills, p. 175 • Identify the center of woolen industry in England. • Norwich, Ipswich, Exeter • What were the industrial advantages of the rivers during this time? • Used to transport goods to and from factories • Power sources for mills

30. Textile-- • making fabric for clothing, upholstery, sails, etc. • Cotton from new colonies in India, purchased from Egypt and the United States • EC: what did they invent? • John Kay: • flying shuttle, to move weaving thread faster • James Hargreaves: • spinning jenny. Made thread faster • Richard Arkwright: • water frame. Connected water-powered wheel to machines turning them faster.

31. Image, p. 176 • How did these inventions change the textile industry? • They made the industry more productive because things were done much faster with good quality.

32. Eli Whitney: • Was a major proponent of interchangeableparts: EC, why? • The idea that machine parts could be used by different machines • Easy to find replacements • Could build many different machines faster with same parts.

33. Standards Check, p. 176 • What led to the advancement of the British textile industry? • Inventions that increased production • the creation of factories

34. Standards Check, p. 177 • Why was the development of railroads important to industrialization? • They allowed factory owners to ship raw materials and products quickly and safely over land, not just by water.

35. Quick Write • Why is the industrial revolution such a pivotal point in human history? • Use factual evidence from your notes or the textbook.