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Lesson One: Native American Agriculture in the America's Before 1492 (Columbus)

Lesson One: Native American Agriculture in the America's Before 1492 (Columbus). by Ms. Leslie Rae Henry Oglala Lakota College Ag & Natural Resource Department Kyle, South Dakota 57752 Dec. 1, 2003 For Dr. Diane Rickerl South Dakota State University Agro-ecology Curriculum.

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Lesson One: Native American Agriculture in the America's Before 1492 (Columbus)

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  1. Lesson One: Native American Agriculture in the America's Before 1492 (Columbus) by Ms. Leslie Rae Henry Oglala Lakota College Ag & Natural Resource Department Kyle, South Dakota 57752 Dec. 1, 2003 For Dr. Diane Rickerl South Dakota State University Agro-ecology Curriculum

  2. Educational Outcomes for Lesson One • 1. Explore Native American agriculture in North, Central, & South America. • 2. Examine the movement of maize across the Americas. • 3. Compare the agrarian cultures with hunting/gathering cultures. • 4. Examine how hunting/gathering culture and agrarian cultures depended on each other for survival.

  3. Where did agriculture begin in the America's? • The beginning of American agriculture • overlooked in many history classes around the world • Traditional education's systems often state that • agrarian culture's began in the Near East area of Mesopotamia • (parts of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebannon, & Israel) • ~ 9,000 to 14,000 years ago. • Early Mesopotamian's • domesticated wheat, barley, pea, lentil, vetch, dogs, goats, and sheep. • Egypt had a similar development • credited with the first ornamental gardens.

  4. Tehuacan Valley in Central America (Mesoamerica) • Credited with the site of the beginning of agriculture • around 3500 BC • (potentially much earlier as wild avocado have been dated ~7,000-6,500 BC). • earliest cultigens were several species of the squash family • (Cucurbitaceae; genus Cucurbita) • with the pumpkin squash (Cucurbits pepo) • from Guila Naquitz (dated 8,000-7,000 BC) and at Ocampo Cave in Tamaulipas (dated 7,000-6,500 BC).

  5. 8,000-6,000 BC in the Tehuacan Valley • Maize (corn) has been domesticated about 8,000-6,000 BC in the Tehuacan Valley • Became the staple food of Native American cultures

  6. Mesoamerican crops: Maize (Corn) Squash Beans The Three Sisters Other Crops: Tomatoes, avocados, guavas, chile peppers, manionc, agave, and prickly pear cacti Some other crops were cultivated for uses other than food as: rubber trees and cotton plants for latex balls and clothing. Also, cacao beans were used for money and latter for making chocolate and the leaves used as a mild narcotic to stop hunger and to handle high altitudes. What types of plants were cultivated by Native Americans?

  7. Central American Agrarian Cultures: Olmecs (1200-1000 BC to 300 BC) Teotihuacán(2BC - 700AD) Toltec's (950-1200 AD) Mayan (300-900 AD) Aztec (1168-1524)- South American Cultures: Chauvin - (1000BC to 600AD) Tiahuanaco - (600-1400AD) Inca (ancient people, expand empire 12th century -1532) What Cultures cultivated plants?

  8. North American Agrarian Cultures: • Southwestern Tribes (Pueblo) • Anasazi • Hopi • Zuni • Dine' (Navajo)

  9. Eastern Woodland & Southeast: • Mississippian (Mound builders) • Iroquois "People of the Longhouse" (Haudenosaunee)

  10. Great Plains Agricultural Tribes: • Arikara - Story of Corn • Mandan – • Hidatsa – Story • Pawnee – • Omaha -

  11. Corn • "Corn-America's most important native food-plays a recurring role in history. First cultivated by the Indians, it sustained waves of colonists, pioneers, and nation builders. Now it feeds the world.“ • according to the Editors of the Better Homes and Gardens Heritage Cook Book.

  12. Research Questions: • 1. Did Native Americans have an agriculture economy before 1492? • 2. What crops were domesticated by Native American agriculturist? • 3. What were the geographic areas of Native American agriculture before Columbus? • 4. How were the crops grown by Native American producers before Columbus? • 5. How were the crops processed for human use? • 6. Were Native Americans agriculturalists researchers before Columbus? • 7. Has Native American Agricultural history been lost or not emphasized in current scientific education?

  13. Lesson One: Native American Agriculture in the America's Before 1492 (Columbus) Instructional Curriculum Assessment Rubric Instructional Curriculum Assessment Rubric

  14. Core Competencies: • In the section below, please indicate to what level you address each core competency in the above listed courses by filling in the appropriate circle. • = Competency not addressed • = Competency not addressed but assumed • = Competency minimally addressed • = Competency addressed as a secondary goal • = Competency addressed as a major goal • Reading: To read and comprehend at the college level, including word meanings, contextual meanings, main and supporting idea’s, and drawing correct inferences. •  • If you rated this competency a 3, 4, or 5 explain which goals in your syllabus support your rating. Please write the goals or list some student/faculty activities that demonstrate how you accomplish this.

  15. For More Information • Contact the Agriculture and Natural Resource Department at Oglala Lakota College • http://www.olc.edu • Or Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University • http://www.sdstate.edu

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