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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. Microbial Ecology Microbial Ecology Soil and Plant Microbiology Aquatic Microbiology Nutrient Cycles ] Microbial Symbioses Microbial Ecology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Microbial Bioremediation Microbial Ecology(continued) ] Microbial Ecology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. Microbial Ecology > Microbial Ecology Microbial Ecology • Microbes and Ecosystem Niches • Organization of Ecosystems • Role of Microbes in Biogeochemical Cycling • Microbial Environments and Microenvironments Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/microbial-ecology-192/

7. Microbial Ecology > Soil and Plant Microbiology Soil and Plant Microbiology • Soil Composition • Physical Properties of Soil • Mycorrhiza • Wetland Soils • Endophytes and Plants • Mycorrhizae: The Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi and Roots • Plant Pathogens • Nitrogen Fixation: Root and Bacteria Interactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/soil-and-plant-microbiology-193/

8. Microbial Ecology > Aquatic Microbiology Aquatic Microbiology • Marine Habitats • Planktonic Communities • Planktonic Food Webs • Ocean Floor • Cold-Seep Ecosystems • The Deep Sea and Barophilism • Sea Coral and Sea Anemone Zooxanthellae • Sponge Communities • Freshwater Environments Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/aquatic-microbiology-194/

9. Microbial Ecology > Nutrient Cycles Nutrient Cycles • Sources and Sinks of Essential Elements • The Carbon Cycle • Syntrophy and Methanogenesis • The Phosphorus Cycle • The Nitrogen Cycle • The Sulfur Cycle • The Iron Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/nutrient-cycles-195/

10. Microbial Ecology > Microbial Symbioses Microbial Symbioses • Mutualism vs. Symbiosis • The Rumen and Ruminant Animals • Hydrothermal Vent Microbial Ecosystems • Squid-Aliivibrio Symbiosis • Mutualistic Relationships with Fungi and Fungivores • Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease • The Legume-Root Nodule Symbiosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/microbial-symbioses-196/

11. Microbial Ecology > Microbial Bioremediation Microbial Bioremediation • Microbial Ore Leaching • Petroleum Biodegradation • The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soils and Water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-ecology-16/microbial-bioremediation-197/

12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. Microbial Ecology Key terms • AbomasumThe fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It secretes rennin - the artificial form of which is called rennet, and is used in cheese creation. • ammonificationThe formation of ammonia or its compounds from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition. • ArcheaA domain of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells. • assimilatory sulfate reductionThe reduction of 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, a more elaborated sulfateester, leads also to hydrogen sulfide, the product used in biosynthesis (e.g., for the production of cysteine because the sulfate sulfur is assimilated). • autotrophAny organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy. • benthicPertaining to the benthos; living on the seafloor, as opposed to floating in the ocean. • bioavailabilityThe amount of matter that is physicochemically accesible for degradation by microorganisms. • biogeochemical cycleA pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydropshere) compartments of the planet. • biogeochemical cyclesA biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated. • biogeochemical cyclesA biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated. • biogeochemistryThe scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the natural environment and especially of their mutual relationships. • BIoluminescenceThe emission of light by a living organism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. Microbial Ecology • bioremediationThe use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from polluted water. • bioremediationThe use of biological organisms, usually microorganisms, to remove contaminants, especially from polluted water. • biosphereThe part of the Earth and its atmosphere capable of supporting life. • carbon cycleThe physical cycle of carbon through the Earth's biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere that includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification. • chemoautotrophicAn organism obtaining its nutrition through the oxidation of non-organic compounds (or other chemical processes); as opposed to the process of photosynthesis. • chemosynthesisThe production of carbohydrates and other compounds from simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, using the oxidation of chemical nutrients as a source of energy rather than sunlight; it is limited to certain bacteria and fungi. • chemosynthesisThe production of carbohydrates and other compounds from simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, using the oxidation of chemical nutrients as a source of energy rather than sunlight; it is limited to certain bacteria and fungi. • ciliaOrganelles found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body. • coastalRelating to the coast; on or near the coast, as a coastal town, a coastal breeze. • cold seepA cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool. "Cold" does not mean temperature of seepage is lower than surrounding sea water. Actually, its temperature is often slightly higher. • commensalismA class of relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits without affecting the other • de-nitrificationA microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Microbial Ecology • deep seaThe deeper part of the sea or ocean in which no light penetrates. • denitrificationThe process by which a nitrate becomes molecular nitrogen, especially by the action of bacteria. • ecosystemsCommunities of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water, and mineral soil), interacting as a system; linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. • ecosystemsCommunities of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water, and mineral soil), interacting as a system; linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. • emulsificationThe process of forming a mixture of substances that are nonmixable under normal conditions. • endophyteAny organism that lives inside another plant. • endosymbiontAn organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism. • extremophileAn organism that lives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, and so on. They are commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions. • extremophilesAn extremophile (from Latin extremus, meaning "extreme," and Greek philiā (φ), meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on earth. • extremophilicOf or pertaining to the extremophiles, a class of organism that thrives under extreme conditions of temperature, salinity, and so on; commercially important as a source of enzymes that operate under similar conditions. • FreshwaterFresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. • geothermalPertaining to heat energy extracted from reservoirs in the earth's interior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Microbial Ecology • habitatA specific place or natural conditions in which a plant or animal lives. • hemoglobinthe iron-containing oxygen transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates • heterotrophAn organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food as it cannot synthesize its own. • heterotrophAn organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food as it cannot synthesize its own. • humusa large group of natural organic compounds found in the soil composed of decaying plants and dead and living microorganisms • hydrocarbonsOrganic compounds made only of carbon and hydrogen. Examples include alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. • hypertrophicationthe ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. This response is usually an increase in primary production. • hyphaa long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growth • hypotonicHaving a lower osmotic pressure than another. • lichenany of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old walls, etc. • lithosphereThe rigid, mechanically strong, outer layer of the earth; divided into twelve major tectonic plates. • loamsoil with no dominant particle size that contains a mixture of sand, silt, and humus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Microbial Ecology • marineOf, or pertaining to, the sea (marine biology, marine insurance). • methanogenesisThe generation of methane by anaerobic bacteria. • methanogenesisThe generation of methane by anaerobic bacteria. • microenvironmentThe very small environment in the immediate vicinity of an organism. • mutualismA relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit • myceliumthe vegetative part of any fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae, often underground • mycorrhizaa symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant • mycorrhizaa symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant • mycorrhizaA symbiotic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of a plant. • nicheA function within an ecological system to which an organism is especially suited. • nitrificationThe biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. • nitrogen fixationthe conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives, by natural means, especially by microorganisms in the soil, into a form that can be assimilated by plants Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Microbial Ecology • nitrogenaseThe enzyme, in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. • Nodulation FactorSignaling molecules produced by bacteria known as rhizobia during the initiation of nodules on the root of legumes. A symbiosis is formed when legumes take up the bacteria. • nodulestructures that occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria • OmasumThe third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. Though its functions have not been well-studied, it appears to primarily aid in the absorption of water, magnesium, and the volatile fatty acids produced. • ore leachingThe process of recovering metals from ores by using a number of different techniques. • organismsAn organism is any contiguous living system (such as animal, fungus, micro-organism, or plant). In at least some form, all types of organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole. • osmotic balanceOsmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. • phagocytosisthe process by which a cell incorporates foreign particles intracellularly. • photosynthesisThe process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts. • piezophileA piezophile (also called a barophile) is an organism which thrives at high pressures, such as deep sea bacteria or archaea. • pilusA hair-like appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria. • planktonPlankton (singular plankter) are any organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Microbial Ecology • planktonPlankton (singular plankter) are any organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. • planktonPlankton (singular plankter) are any organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current. They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish and whales. • plasmidA circle of double-stranded DNA that is separate from the chromosomes, which is found in bacteria and protozoa. • ReservoirReservoirs are places where essential elements are sequestered for long periods of time. • rhizobiaany of various bacteria, of the genus Rhizobium, that form nodules on the roots of legumes and fix nitrogen • RumenThe first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It serves as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed. • silicaAny of the silica group of the silicate minerals. • Sponge reefsSponge reefs serve an important ecological function as habitat, breeding, and nursery areas for fish and invertebrates. The reefs are currently threatened by the fishery, offshore oil, and gas industries. • subsoildense layer of soil containing fine material that has moved downward; the layer of earth that is below the topsoil • symbiosisA close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species • syncytiaA syncytia (plural syncytia) is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single nucleus), in contrast to a coenocyte, which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cytokinesis. • syntrophyA phenomenon where one species lives off the products of another species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. Microbial Ecology • tarballA blob of petroleum oil. • thallusvegetative body of a fungus • topographyA detailed graphic representation of the surface features of a place or object. • topsoiltop layer of soil containing humus at its surface and decomposing vegetation at its base; the most fertile soil • trophicDescribing the relationships between the feeding habits of organisms in a food chain. • Type three secretion systemType three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome or Injectosome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria. In pathogenic bacteria, the needle-like structure is used as a sensory probe to detect the presence of eukaryotic organisms and secrete proteins that help the bacteria infect them. The proteins are secreted directly from the bacterial cell into the eukaryotic cell, also known as "the host" cell. • ubiquitousBeing everywhere at once: omnipresent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

21. Microbial Ecology Soy Beans Soy beans are a type of legume crop that rely on rhizobia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Soybean.USDA."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soybean.USDA.jpgView on Boundless.com

22. Microbial Ecology Diatoms Assorted diatoms as seen through a microscope. These specimens were living between crystals of annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Image digitized from original 35mm Ektachrome slide. These tiny phytoplankton are encased within a silicate cell wall. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Diatoms through the microscope."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpgView on Boundless.com

23. Microbial Ecology Algal bloom Algae bloom in the Bering Sea after a natural iron fertilization event. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coccolithophore_bloom.jpg/542px-Coccolithophore_bloom.jpgView on Boundless.com

24. Microbial Ecology Methanogenic Bacteria in Termites Methanogenic bacteria have a syntrophic relationship with protozoans living in the guts of termites. The protozoans break down cellulose, releasing H2 which is then used in methanogenesis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Coptotermes formosanus shiraki USGov k8204-7."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Microbial Ecology NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2 An ultra-high-resolution NASA computer model has given scientists a stunning new look at how carbon dioxide in the atmosphere travels around the globe. Plumes of carbon dioxide in the simulation swirl and shift as winds disperse the greenhouse gas away from its sources. The simulation also illustrates differences in carbon dioxide levels in the northern and southern hemispheres and distinct swings in global carbon dioxide concentrations as the growth cycle of plants and trees changes with the seasons. The carbon dioxide visualization was produced by a computer model called GEOS-5, created by scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. The visualization is a product of a simulation called a "Nature Run." The Nature Run ingests real data on atmospheric conditions and the emission of greenhouse gases and both natural and man-made particulates. The model is then left to run on its own and simulate the natural behavior of the Earth's atmosphere. This Nature Run simulates January 2006 through December 2006. While Goddard scientists worked with a "beta" version of the Nature Run internally for several years, they released this updated, improved version to the scientific community for the first time in the fall of 2014. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

26. Microbial Ecology Crabs near a hydrothermal vent The ecosystems around hydrothermal vents rely on mats chemosynthetic bacteria, and many species feed on the bacteria. Hydrothermal vents are some of the most unique ecosystems in the world Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Dense mass of anomuran crab Kiwa around deep-sea hydrothermal vent."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dense_mass_of_anomuran_crab_Kiwa_around_deep-sea_hydrothermal_vent.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. Microbial Ecology Sewage Treatment Plant Wastewater treatment plants are critical in lowering the levels of pollutants in the environment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sewage Treatment Plant."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sewage_Treatment_Plant.jpg%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

28. Microbial Ecology Aphrocallistes vastus (Cloud sponge), is a major reef-building species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sponge reef."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_reefView on Boundless.com

29. Microbial Ecology Oceanic ridge with deep sea vent Oceanic ridge with deep sea vent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Ocean floor."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floorView on Boundless.com

30. Microbial Ecology Thallus of lichen This cross-section of a lichen thallus shows the (a) upper cortex of fungal hyphae, which provides protection; the (b) algal zone where photosynthesis occurs, the (c) medulla of fungal hyphae, and the (d) lower cortex, which also provides protection and may have (e) rhizines to anchor the thallus to the substrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Ecology of Fungi. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44632/latest/Figure_24_03_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Microbial Ecology Sulfide mineral bacterial leaching Bacterial cells oxidizing the ferrous iron back to ferric iron while using slightly different contact mechanisms with the metal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/index.php/Image:Leaching_mechanisms_-_contact%252C_non-contact_and_cooperative_leaching.png."Error."CC BY-SA 3.0http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/index.php/Image:Leaching_mechanisms_-_contact,_non-contact_and_cooperative_leaching.pngView on Boundless.com

32. Microbial Ecology A Beggiatoa bacterial mat at the Blake Ridge Beggiatoa spp. bacterial mat at a seep on Blake Ridge, off the coast of South Carolina. The red dots are range-finding laser beams. Beggiatoa are able to detoxify hydrogen sulfide in soil. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bacterial mat."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacterial_mat.jpgView on Boundless.com

33. Microbial Ecology The Carbon Cycle The element carbon moves from the biosphere to the geosphere and the hydrosphere. This flow from abiotic to biotic compartments of the Earth is typical of biogeochemical cycles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Carbon cycle-cute diagram.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

34. Microbial Ecology Soil profile This soil profile shows the different soil layers (O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, and C horizon) found in typical soils. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Soil. October 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44715/latest/Figure_31_02_02.pngView on Boundless.com

35. Microbial Ecology Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton are any water-column organisms that are incapable of swimming against a current. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Plankton collage."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plankton_collage.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Microbial Ecology Marine Habitats Coral reefs provide marine habitats for tube sponges, which in turn become marine habitats for fishes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Callyspongia sp.(Tube sponge)."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callyspongia_sp._(Tube_sponge).jpgView on Boundless.com

37. Microbial Ecology Deep Sea Pelagic Zones Mesopelagic, bathyl, abyssal, and hadal zones. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Pelagiczone."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelagiczone.svgView on Boundless.com

38. Microbial Ecology Mycorrhizal root tips (amanita) This mycorrhiza includes a fungus in the genus Amanita. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mycorrhizal root tips (amanita)."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycorrhizal_root_tips_(amanita).jpgView on Boundless.com

39. Microbial Ecology Aphrocallistes vastus Aphrocallistes vastus (Cloud sponge), is a major reef-building species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Aphrocallistes vastus."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aphrocallistes_vastus.jpgView on Boundless.com

40. Microbial Ecology The Water Cycle Water is recycled in an ecosystem through the water cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Water cycle."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_cycle.pngView on Boundless.com

41. Microbial Ecology The Role of Microbes in the Nitrogen Cycle The processing of nitrogen into a biologically useful form requires the activity of microorganisms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Nitrogen Cycle."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.svgView on Boundless.com

42. Microbial Ecology Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green bacteria, blue-green algae, and Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."20100422 235222 Cyanobacteria."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. Microbial Ecology A simplified food web This image shows a simplified food web model of energy and mineral nutrient movement in an ecosystem. Energy flow is unidirectional (noncyclic) and mineral nutrient movement is cyclic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."FoodWebSimple."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoodWebSimple.jpgView on Boundless.com

44. Microbial Ecology Ectomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae form sheaths, called a mantle, around the roots of plants, as shown in this image. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Ectomycorrhizae 001."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ectomycorrhizae_001.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. Microbial Ecology The digestive tract of a ruminant The ruminant digestive tract has four compartments, the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and abomasum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Abomasum (PSF)."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abomasum_(PSF).pngView on Boundless.com

46. Microbial Ecology Smart plants cue farmers to nutrient deficiencies A. tumefaciens attaching itself to a plant cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Genetic engineering."CC BY 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringView on Boundless.com

47. Microbial Ecology Root Nodules Root nodules are formed when nitrogen fixing bacteria called rhizobia enter the cells of a host plant. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Medicago italica root nodules 2."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medicago_italica_root_nodules_2.JPGView on Boundless.com

48. Microbial Ecology Hypertrophication on the Potomac River The bright green color of the water is the result of algae blooms in response to the addition of phosphorous based fertilizers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Potomac green water."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potomac_green_water.JPGView on Boundless.com

49. Microbial Ecology A freshwater aquatic and terrestrial food-web. The food web is a complex and interconnected. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."FoodWeb."CC0 1.0 Universalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoodWeb.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Microbial Ecology Diagram of the Nitrogen Cycle Schematic representation of the nitrogen cycle. Abiotic nitrogen fixation has been omitted. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nitrogen Cycle."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.svgView on Boundless.com