Nationalism in Europe

1. Nationalism in Europe Unification and Identity

2. What is Nationalism? • The belief that each nation or group of people should have their own country, with clearly defined borders, and their own government • It is also the idea that people should be loyal to their country rather than to their leader • Finally, it is having pride in one’s country and being patriotic.

3. What makes a group a nation? • Nationality (common ethnicity) • Language (a language that all in the nation will speak) • Culture (a shared way of life) 4. History (common experiences) 5. Religion (a religion for most or all people) 6. Territory (the land for the nation)

4. Wide-ranging Effects of Nationalism • Nationalism can lead colonized peoples to desire independence from their Imperial Mother Countries (state-building) • United States • Haiti • Latin American Colonies of Spain & Portugal • Nationalism can bring groups that share commonalities together to form new nations (unification) • Italy • Germany • Nationalism can also tear multi-cultural nations apart (separation) • Austrian Empire • Ottoman Empire • Many of these cultural groups have a strong desire for Self-Determination (self rule)

5. What Led to the Rise of Nationalism in 19th Century Europe? • The ideas and success of the American and French Revolutions inspired Nationalist movements around the World • The transformation of France from a kingdom to a Republic shifted loyalty from the kings to the state. • The Napoleonic war stirred up feelings of nationalism in many nations as they tried to resist invasion by the French. These wars also spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. • The Congress of Vienna (a meeting between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria to make peace after the defeat of Napoleon) redrew the map of Europe, leading many groups to attempt to unify or separate into new nations.

6. Creating the Nations of Germany…. ….and Italy

7. Unification of Italy • The Italian kingdoms hadn’t been united since the fall of the old Roman empire in 450 AD • Much of Italy was under the control of foreign powers. • Napoleon controlled until 1815 • brought unity for short time • Congress of Vienna redraws Europe & hurts Italian unity • Northern Italy given to Austrians • In 1815, Italy is made up of many independent governments

8. Italy Begins Unification

9. Move to Unify • Many groups in Italy begin to call for unification • Many wanted to push out the Austrians • Young Italy - secret society for Italian unification formed • Guiseppe Mazzini led movement for a nation-state (political organization with one nationality)

10. Path to Unify • Mazzini began unity movement • attempted to push Austrians out of Northern Italy • failed after losing help of Pope, who was against Italian unification because it would limit his power • Italians turned to King Victor Emmanuel II (Italian kingdom) to lead movement

11. Sardinia Takes Over Movement • Emmanuel II hired Count Camillo di Cavour to help him unify Italy as his Prime Minister • Main goal was to strengthen the power of Sardinia • Encouraged “Risorgimento” – resurgence or rebirth for united Italy • Cavour involved Italy in Crimean War (Britain, France, Sardinia won a war against Russia. Fought to keep Russia for expanding their influence over the weak Ottoman Empire) • Won equality among European nations • Promoted industrialization for Italy

12. Cavour Unites Northern Italy • Attempted, through war with France and Austria, to gain the northern Italian states in 1859 • France’s Napoleon III supported Cavour but backed out with only half of the territory gained • Parma, Tuscany & Modena, which had not been gained by the war rebelled against Austrians & joined Sardinia • Prussia aids Italy against Austria and Italy gets Venetia • Northern Italy is unified

13. Guiseppe Garibaldi • A member of Young Italy • Military commander with his “Red Shirts” led South Italy to overtake and unite with Sicily • Strengthened Southern Italy as one territory

14. North & South Unite • Cavour forced Garibaldi to offer merge. • Garibaldi agrees to avoid civil war • United North and South Italy as a constitutional monarchy • Victor Emmanuel II voted the first king of united Italy in May of 1880

15. Italy • Victor Emmanuel led united nation • Completed national unity with new capital of Rome in 1871 • Passed voting reforms • Created united military • Created educational system • Initiated industrialization and worker laws • Built transportation and waterway systems • Formed alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary • All new nations looking to build system of defense from established nations of Europe

16. Problems Remain in Italy • Problems between North and South • Industrial North, agricultural South • Language (dialect) problems • Political problems between the two • Not going to be ready for the 20th century

17. Unification in Germany • Most German people were historically a part of the Holy Roman Empire • Conquered & dismantled by Napoleon in 1808 • After the Napoleonic Wars German speaking people were broken up into 39 small kingdoms as part of the Congress of Vienna • Loosely tied together as German Confederation • Diet (assembly) met at Frankfurt • Austria & Prussia dominated

18. Germany • Remained divided and economically disadvantaged due to Reformation & Thirty Years War • Austria feared German unification • competition • German states disliked idea of unity • feared domination by Prussia

19. Prussia Leads the Way • Prussia was strongest German State • well organized government • Junkers (aristocratic landowners) & Business class • strong economy • Zollverein (economic union reducing trade barriers) • William I, king of Prussia initiated move • appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister

20. Otto von Bismarck • Policy of “realpolitik” • A policy of “real” politics that pursue practical, realistic policies instead of moral and ideological policies. • right of a nation-state to pursue its own advantages by any means • Took government control • Built up strong army

21. Unifying By “Blood and Iron” • Bismarck led German states into 3 wars • War against Denmark • Successfully claimed German lands of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark • Made Europe aware of Prussia’s strength • Seven Weeks’ War against Austria • Prussia defeated Austria • Separated Austria from German states • Franco-Prussian War • Gained Bismarck support from all German states for unification • France lost French lands of Alsace and Lorraine and forced or pay reparations

22. A United Germany • Germany united 25 states into one nation in 1871 • William I assumed title of Kaiser (emperor) • Bismarck became German Chancellor (chief minister)

23. Bismark’s Germany • Fought cultural struggle against Catholics • Industrialized Germany • Brought poor wages and long work days • Socialist party grew asking for reform • Bismarck resigned under the new king, William II • William II built up German industry • Passed workplace reforms • Developed strong military

24. Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires • Austria-Hungarian Empire • Russian Empire • Ottoman Empire

25. The Break-up of the Austrian Empire • The Austrian Empire was another large multi-cultural empire in Eastern Europe that had been ruled by the Hapsburg dynasty • Consisted of 5 major ethnic groups: Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, & Serbs • Nationalism is the strongest among the large Hungarian population & much smaller Serbian minority • The nation of Austria-Hungary was created in 1867 • After their defeat by the Prussians, it became a dual monarchy (Austria and Hungary are separate states, but both are ruled by Emperor Francis Joseph) similar to the late Roman Empire • This “dual empire” actually survives for over 50 years, but also breaks apart after WWI • Separates into the nations of Austria, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia

26. The Russian Empire • The Russian nation was made up of over 60 nationalities and 100 different languages. Included: Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks • Expansion took place under Alexander I • Alexander II emancipated the serfs and made many reforms for Russia that failed

27. Russification • Russification- forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups of the Russian empire • This strengthened nationalist feeling in many ethic groups living in Russia, further weakening the power of the already week Czars.

28. Russian Reaction • Revolutionaries gained power in Russia as a response to failed reforms • Czar Nicholas II ruled from 1894 with revolutionary mood in nation • Mensheviks organized believing in industrialization to bring about a working class revolution • Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin moved for radical socialist revolution

29. Decline of Ottoman Power • The diverse Ottoman empire had been experiencing difficulties throughout the 1800’s • Once vital & lucrative overland trade routes controlled by the Ottomans have lost importance due to new technologies & discoveries • New World, New Trade Routes, Better Maritime Technology • Inefficient & Corrupt government along with a failure to modernize hurt the quality of life across the Empire • Very difficult for the aging Empire to compete with the powers of Europe • Sometimes referred to as the Sick Man of Europe • Adding to the Empires long list of problems are strong feelings of nationalism developing among the multi-cultural population

30. Diversity of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman empire was dominated by the Turks, but also included a variety of other ethnic groups: • Greeks, Armenians, Serbs, Montenegrins, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Slavs, Slovaks, Croats • The empire was divided into separate ethnic regions • Some of these groups were Muslim, some were Christian • Some of these groups spoke different languages • From 1828-1908 the desire for Nationalism gradually tears the Ottoman Empire apart • Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, & Bulgaria all gained their independence by the 1870’s • Turkey would soon set up its own independent nation officially ending the Ottoman Empire following WWI

31. Ethnic Groups in the Ottoman Empire

32. The Effects of Nationalism on Europe Nationalism in Europe led to Imperialism, then Militarism. Eventually, Alliances formed and the Balkan Powder Keg led the WWI.