University of Texas at El Paso

1. A Comparison of the Effects of Foods of Various Glycemic Index on Academic Performance of Students 13 and 14 Years of Age University of Texas at El Paso

2. Literature Review • Government involvement in child nutrition programs since 1946, National School Lunch Program (Kennedy & Cooney, 2001) • Recently, introduction of “No Child Left Behind”, encouraged interest in enhancing academic performance

3. Diet has been found to correlate to the academic success of student (Galal & Huylett, 2003) Improved academic performance with proper nutrition (Glewwe, Jacoby, & King, 2001) Literature Review

4. Literature Review • Benton & Parker (1998) concluded that breakfast consumption positively influences tasks requiring memory -This is as a result of an increase in blood glucose • Correlation found between a low glycemic meal and better cognitive processes in the morning (Benton, Ruffin, Lassel, Nabb, Messaoudi, Vinoy, Desor, & Lang, 2003)

5. Glycemic index: The rate at which carbohydrates are processed resulting in changes of blood glucose levels(Goscienski, 2003). Low glycemic index foods avoid the sudden increase in blood glucose levels(Goscienski, 2003). A high glycemic food has a rating of 70 or more A low glycemic index food has a rating of 55 or less(www.glycemicindex.com, 2004). Major Definitions

6. Purpose Statement • The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of foods, differing in glycemic index, on the academic performance of grade 7 and grade 8 students in El Paso County, a school district that is mainly Hispanic.

7. Research Questions • Does eating compared to fasting result in higher academic performance? • Can a low or high glycemic food improve academic performance? • Do foods of varying glycemic index result in differing academic performances?

8. Significance • Optimal glycemic index level for School Breakfast Programs • Optimal glycemic index level for improved academic performance

9. Hypothesis • Low glycemic index foods consumption results in higher TAKS math exam scores

10. Major Variables • Independent variable is foods of varying glycemic index levels • Dependant variable is the resulting scores on the released versions of the TAKS math exams • Control variable is the baseline score on the released version of the TAKS math exam score

11. Subjects • 90 summer school students • Grade 7 & Grade 8 (12-15 years of age) • Ysleta Independent School District, Alicia R Chacon Intermediate School • Equal amount of both genders from all ethnicities • Excluding diabetics, children with allergies, restricted diets

12. High Glycemic Index Cheerios (GI=74 1 cup) white bread (GI=73 1 slice) honey for the bread (GI=72) cranberry juice cocktail (GI=68 ½ cup) Low Glycemic Index All Bran cereal (GI=38 1 cup) course wheat kernel bread (GI=52 1 slice) orange marmalade for the bread (GI=48) unsweetened apple Juice (GI=40 ½ cup) Instruments

13. Procedure • 1st Tuesday – normal breakfast routine • 8:00 am arrival • One hour following consumption complete a released version of TAKS math exam • Next 3 Tuesdays – 3 groups • Fasting • High glycemic index food • Low glycemic index food

14. Limitations • Ages of the participants • Academic performance in math • Type of food • Students attending summer school

15. Delimitations • Participants who are late, absent, or withdraw • Time of year set for the study during-July • Vacation

16. Proposed Communication Method & Data Analysis • Journal of nutrition for publication • Statistical Instrument - SPSS version 11.0 • Statistical Procedure • Descriptives of Math Scores will calculated • One way ANOVA with values of p<0.5 or greater confidence

17. Time Schedule • December 1, 2004 IRB submissions • University of Texas at El Paso • Ysleta School District • February 1, 2005 to June 15, 2005 • Participant screening • July 5, 2005 to July 26 • Testing

18. Ethical Considerations • Consent Forms • Parent/Guardian signatures • Subject number coding • Kept in locked cabinet in Office • Pre-participation Questionnaire • Age, Grade, Math GPA • Allergies, Medical Conditions, Medications • Breakfast Routine

19. References • Scientifically Based • Ball, S.D., Keller, K.R., Moyer-Mileur, L.J., Ding, Y., Donaldson, D., & Jackson, W.D. • (2003). Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index • meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics, 111(3), 488-495. • Benton, D., & Parker, P.Y. (1998). Breakfast, blood glucose, and cognition. American • Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67, 772-778. • Benton, D., Ruffin, M., Lassel, T., Nabb, S., Messaoudi, M., Vinoy, S., Desor, D., • & Lang, V. (2003). The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both rats and humans. Psychpharmacology, 166, 86-90. • Donohoe, R.T., & Benton D. (1999). Cognitive functioning is susceptible to the level of • blood glucose. Psychopharmacology, 145, 378-385. • Glewwe, P., Jacoby, H. G., & King, E. M. (2001). Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 81, • 345-368. • Green, M.W., Elliman, N.A., & Rogers, P.J. (1997). The effects of food deprivation and • incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 88-94. • Johnson-Down, L., O’Loughlin, J., Koski, K.G., & Gray-Donald, K. (1997). High • prevalence of obesity in low income and multiethnic schoolchildren: a diet and physical activity assessment. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 2310-2315. • Kennedy, E., & Cooney, E. (2001). Development of the child nutrition programs in the • united states. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 431-436. • Kleinman, R. E., Hall, S., Green, H., Korzec-Ramirez, D., Patton, K., Pagano, M. E., • Murphy, J. M. (2002). Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children. • Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 46, 24-30.

20. References • Sunram-Lea, S.I., Foster, J.K., Durlach, P., & Perez, C. (2000). Glucose facilitation of • cognitive performance in healthy young adults: examination of the influence of fast-duration, time of day and pre-consumption plasma glucose levels. Psychpharmacology, 157, 46-54. • Warren, J. M., Henry, J. K., & Simonite, V. (2003). Low glycemic index breakfast and • reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics, 112, 414-420. • Worobey, J., & Worobey, H. S. (1999). The impact of a two-year school breakfast • program for preschool-aged children on their nutrient intake and pre-academic • performance. Child Study Journal, 29, 113-131. • Non-Scientifically Based • Galal, O., & Hulett, J. (2003). The relationship between nutrition and children’s • educational performance: a focus on the United Arab Emirates. British Nutrition • Foundation: Nutrition Bulletin, 28, 11-20. • Goscienski, P. (2003). The Low-down on glycemic index. The Saturday Evening Post, • 40-41. • Natale, Jo Anna. (2000). Free for all. Teacher Magazine, 12(3), 7-9. • Stordy, J. (2002). Fatty acids for learning problems: Could learning disabilities in • children be related to their diet? Dr Jackie Stordy examines a possible link. (pp. • 65). Haymarket Business Publications Ltd. • Ysleta Independent School District: Compensatory Education Department. (2003). • Summer Program ’03, Planning Manual.