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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. What was the Missouri Compromise? How did the cotton gin & cotton mill change slavery? What was the compromise line of latitude for the Missouri Compromise?. CH 8/9: Leading to the Civil War. When it all goes wrong again.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • What was the Missouri Compromise? • How did the cotton gin & cotton mill change slavery? • What was the compromise line of latitude for the Missouri Compromise?

  2. CH 8/9: Leading to the Civil War

  3. When it all goes wrong again. • At the Constitutional Convention in 1787 the delegates all agree to let the issue of slavery rest until 1808. • Slavery was seen as slowly dying. Fields were to large, the numbers of slaves was not cost effective, and the process of cleaning cotton was a nightmare (SUPER IMPORTANT). • By 1808 many thought slavery would have phased itself out.

  4. Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney, a northern inventor, sees how slow the cotton picking process is when in GA. • He invents a machine to Gin (clean) cotton. • Plantations will be able to clean 50 lbs of cotton in the time it use to clean 1 lb.

  5. In addition to the Cotton Gin, cotton mills will open. • Mills will quickly and cheaply turn raw cotton into cloth. • These two developments will save the institution of slavery overnight.

  6. The Northwest Territories • Part of the Northwest Ordinance (1787) stated that all land North of the Ohio river would be “Free” land. • In the 1800s Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois would all become free states, but Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama would become Slave states. • Free & Slave States would be balanced at 11.

  7. Missouri Compromise-1820 • 1819 Missouri applies for statehood, as a slave state… even though most of the state was above the Ohio River. • In 1820, luckily when Maine applies to be a state, the Missouri Compromise will be reached. • Any state above the 36’ 30 line will be free, but under that latitude would be slave. • No one liked the solution, but everyone accepts it in place of continued fighting.

  8. The Important People

  9. Sectionalism North South Rural Agricultural Few railroads or canals Only Large plantations have slaves. The Majority (3 of 4) farmers still struggled to make a living. Slaves are still a threat. • Urban: cities • 1800-1860: 9%-35% • Largely Industrialized • Considerable Infrastructure • Immigrants: Ireland& Germany. Immigrants add considerably to their new soceity

  10. The Ongoing Debate North South Southern Moderates saw slavery as a necessary evil that would eventually die out. Southern Radicals saw slaves as property, and preventing Southerners from moving with their property violated their rights. • Northern Moderates accepted Slavery where it was, but didn’t want it to spread. • Northern Radical Abolitionist called for the immediate end to slavery everywhere.

  11. Underground Railroad • Meanwhile, slaves were escaping to the North on the Underground Railroad. • The most famous “Conductor” was Harriet Tubman who repeatedly entered the South to help slaves escape.

  12. The Issue Continues • In 1846 When the President James K Polk asked for funding to buy California the slavery issue surfaced again. • David Wilmontadded an amendment to the bill that said no land acquired by the US could have slaves. • The Wilmont Proviso was meant to, “preserve for free white labor a fair country.” • The Proviso constantly passed the house but constantly was shot down in the Senate

  13. Popular Sovereignty & 1850 • The idea of Popular Sovereignty rose, that a people should decide for themselves whether to be a free or slave state. • In 1849 CA applies for state hood (messing up the free/slave balance) • Henry Clay stepped in to broker one last compromise deal

  14. Compromise of 1850 • California enters the Union as a free state. • New Mexico and Utah Territories are open for slavery. • Washington DC no longer sells slaves, but slave holders can keep their slaves • Creates a strong Fugitive Slave Law: a law that requires the return of captured slaves to their owners

  15. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The Compromise helped some, but the Fugitive Slave law created serious controversy. • Many Northerners opposed the law, and therefore did not obey it. • 1852. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in which she described slavery and the harsh conditions of plantations. • The Book infuriated many Northerners and made the Abolitionist v Slavery issue worse. • In it’s first year it sold 300,000 copies (US), 1 Million in Britain

  16. 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act • The Senator of Illinois (the one who beat Lincoln) Stephen Douglas introduces a bill to settle the plains. • Kansas and Nebraska are the next two territories applying for statehood. • Because of their location above the 36’30 line slavery is not mentioned. • Southerners agree to approve the new states if they enter the Union under the rule of Popular Sovereignty. • The Missouri Compromise had made slavery off limits, but not it seemed slavery was back in play.

  17. Republican Party • The Republican Party will be founded in 1854 in opposition to the Fugitive Slave law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act

  18. Bleeding Kasas • 1855: Kansas would be settled, but there were groups who tried to make trouble. (Pro Slave/ Anti Slave) • John Brown would become famous at this point for killing 5 men (with swords) for their role in attacking an anti slavery town in Kansas. • Charles Sumner will make a speech called, “Crimes against Kansas.” Insults Andrew Butler (SC) • Preston Brooks, his nephew, beats Sumner on the Senate floor with a cane.

  19. No More Compromises • 1856: Dred Scott Decision • A slave named Dred Scott files a law suit saying that as he had previously lived in the North he should be freed. • The Supreme court rules that Scott “was not a citizen…” and therefore had no legal grounds on which he could sue. • Since slaves are considered legal property by the court, Article V of the Constitution protects personal property, the court finds the 36’30 unconstitutional, and opens the whole US up to slavery.

  20. No More Compromises • 1859: John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry • John Brown, with 21 others, will seize a weapons arsenal in Harpers Ferry VA. • Brown plans to distribute the weapons an start a slave rebellion. • The US military will surround, capture, and execute John Brown for the crime of treason. • “I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood. I had...vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done”

  21. The Election of 1860 • James Buchanan had been President from 1856-1860. He was a Southerner and did little to fix the issues of the country. • Four men will run for President: • Lincoln (IL)- Republican [Dark Horse Candidate] • Douglass (IL)- Northern Democrats • Breckenridge (KY)- Southern Democrats • Bell (TN)- Constitutional Union Party (Avoided Slavery)

  22. Electoral Map of 1860 Election

  23. After 1860…. • Southern States had said they would consider secession if Lincoln won…. Lincoln won. • Dec 20, 1860 South Carolina leave the Union and attacks Fort Sumter, which was located in Charleston Harbor • Over the next few weeks 6 more states secede, and create the Confederate States of America. • Jefferson Davis is made their President.

  24. The Last Slave Census

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