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The ground must push up as hard as the building pushes down

The ground must push up as hard as the building pushes down. Leaning Tower of Pisa. Walls. Structural Considerations:. Unreinforced Reinforced Veneered. Unreinforced. Simple Construction Code of Hammurabi, 18th c. BC Strict Height Limitations Rule of Thumb t equals h divided by 12 or

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The ground must push up as hard as the building pushes down

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  1. The ground must push up as hard as the building pushes down

  2. Leaning Tower of Pisa

  3. Walls

  4. Structural Considerations: • Unreinforced • Reinforced • Veneered

  5. Unreinforced • Simple Construction • Code of Hammurabi, 18th c. BC • Strict Height Limitations • Rule of Thumb • t equals h divided by 12 or • the thickness of the wall in inches is equal to the height of the wall in feet

  6. Reinforced • Masonry units, reinforcing steel grout and/or mortar combined to act together to resist forces • The masonry units typically work as permanent form work for poured concrete • Significant capacity for tensile as well as compressive stresses

  7. Veneered • A thin, usually single wythe, masonry non-load bearing wall attached to a substrate.

  8. Unit Considerations: • Single Wythe • Multiple Wythe • Similar Units • Common brick structures • Composite • Brick / Block • Cavity • Originated in England • Moisture resistant • Insulating

  9. Wall Sections • Typically 3/4" = 1'-0" scale • Detailed blowups @ 1 1/2" or 3" scale • Allows Investigation of the Placement of Wall Layers • Don't forget plan sections!

  10. Crawford Square Wall Sections

  11. Wall Section Basement

  12. Wall Section 1st Floor

  13. Masonry Walls

  14. Wall Selection • Structural Requirements • Height, etc. • Interior Finish • Exterior Finish • Insulation

  15. Masonry Openings

  16. Masonry Must Be Supported Above Openings • Opening requires spanning capability above • Span creates bending stresses • Bending stresses are a combination of tensile and compressive stresses • Masonry has limited capacity for resisting tensile stresses

  17. Corbel and Arch Action in Masonry Walls • Corbel • a shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry • Arch • a curved compressive structural member spanning openings or recesses

  18. Corbel

  19. Segmental Arch

  20. Jack Arch

  21. Roman Arch

  22. Rectangular Openings Require a Lintel for Support of Wall Above • Loose Steel Angles • One per 4" wythe • Long Leg Vertical • Steel Beam with Bottom Plate • 4" Width Plus Thickness of Masonry Supported • Lintel Blocks • Same Thickness as Wall • Steel Reinforcing Embedded in Concrete • Requires Temporary Support • Precast Concrete or Stone (limited)

  23. Loose Steel Angles

  24. Steel Beam

  25. Lintel Blocks

  26. Types of Lintel Blocks

  27. Precast Concrete

  28. Analyze Load Condition Above Opening • Simple

  29. Analyze Load Condition Above Opening • Concentrated

  30. Dimensional Coordination of Wall Length(s)

  31. Dimensional Coordination of Opening Locations

  32. Controlling Movement in Masonry Walls

  33. Cracking Results from Restrained Movement • Temperature • Moisture Content • Overloads on Structure • Dead Load • Live Load • Impact • Vibration • Settlement

  34. Solutions • Control Moisture • Horizontal Reinforcement • Control Joints

  35. Moisture Control • By Specification • By Proper Care on Jobsite • Proper Detailing

  36. Horizontal Reinforcement • Joint Reinforcement • Bond Beams

  37. Joint Reinforcement • Prefabricated, galvanized steel wires for embedment in horizontal mortar joint • 8" ~ 24" o/c

  38. Control Joints • Changes in Wall Height or Thickness • At Construction Joints in Foundation, Floors and Roof • At Chases and Recesses • At Abutment to Wall and Columns • At Return Angles in L-, T- or U-shaped Structures • At One or Both Sides of an Opening

  39. Control Joint Locations

  40. Control Joints as a Function of Panel Size • Assuming Horizontal Joint Reinforcing at 16" o/c • Less Than 3 x the Panel Height • Less Than 50'

  41. Control Joint Details in Block

  42. 8" CMU Corner

  43. 8" Axo

  44. 8" Section

  45. 12" Composite Corner

  46. 12" Axo

  47. 12" Section

  48. 14" Cavity Corner

  49. 14" Axo

  50. 14" Section

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