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Attachment. Early attachment is the foundation of adult relationships Comfort with affection & intimacy Adult styles of romantic love Impact relationships with children Associated with motivation. Child-Rearing Practices. 2. Authoritative Parenting.

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  1. Attachment • Early attachment is the foundation of adult relationships • Comfort with affection & intimacy • Adult styles of romantic love • Impact relationships with children • Associated with motivation

  2. Child-Rearing Practices 2

  3. Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parenting correlates with social competence 3

  4. Adolescence Adolescenceis defined as a life between childhood and adulthood. • A transitional period in the human lifespan, linking childhood and adulthood • Understanding is important because adolescents are the future of any society. • (Santrock, 2005) AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu 4

  5. Puberty • Begins between 8 and 14 years of age • 1-2 years earlier for girls than boys • Growth spurt • Sex characteristics • Primary (reproductive) • Secondary (non-reproductive)

  6. Physical Development 6

  7. Hormones • Estrogen and Testosterone during puberty • Females 8xs previous estrogen production • Males 18xs previous testosterone production

  8. Hormones and Emotions Direct effects of hormones • Testosterone precedes rapid arousal of emotions, esp. anger • Changing hormones correlate with quick shifts in emotional extremes • For many boys, hormones lead to thoughts about sex and masturbation • For many girls, happiness increases in the middle of the menstrual cycle and sadness and anger increase toward end

  9. Hormones and Emotions • Trends are true for adults too, but: • During puberty shifts are more erratic and powerful • During puberty, the feelings are less familiar and less controllable • Brain maturity has an influence • Hormones pulsate on and off - they are not steady or gradual

  10. Timing is Everything? • Risks/advantages of later puberty? • For boys • For girls • Risks/advantages of early puberty? • For boys • For girls

  11. Timing is not Everything • Early maturation for girls • Impact depends on • Parental support • Ability to talk with peers • Timing of other girls in peer group

  12. Timing is not Everything • Late maturation for boys • Family & peer support • Developing skills and a sense of competence protect

  13. Brain Development • Until puberty, neurons increase their connections. • Second phase of selective neuron pruning begins in adolescence 13

  14. Frontal Cortex Neurons in the frontal cortex become myelinated • Speeds up nerve conduction • Lags behind the limbic system’s development 14

  15. Cognitive Development Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In particular, they may think about the following: Their own thinking. What others are thinking. What others are thinking about them. How ideals can be reached. They criticize society, parents, and even themselves. 15

  16. Developing Morality Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents AP Photo/ Dave Martin 16

  17. 3 Basic Levels of Moral Thinking Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward. Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles. 17

  18. Social Development 18

  19. Emerging Adulthood Ariel Skelley/ Corbis 19

  20. Adulthood Peak of physical performance - around 20 years of age • Declines imperceptibly for most of us Rick Doyle/ Corbis 20

  21. Chromosomal Changes Telomeres: tips of chromosomes • Wear down with age • Aging cells may die and not be replaced or are replaced by imperfect replicas

  22. Old Age: Sensory Abilities Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit 22

  23. Old Age: Motor Abilities 23

  24. Alzheimer’s Disease • 3% by age 75 • Loss of brain cells • Deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine (ACh) • Tangles & Plaques within the brain

  25. Aging and Memory 25

  26. Aging and Intelligence Fluid intelligence: ability to reason speedily • Declines with age • Crystalline intelligence: accumulated knowledge and skills • Does not decline with age • We gain vocabulary and knowledge but lose recall memory and process more slowly. 26

  27. Adulthood’s Ages and Stages Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage). Neuroticism scores, 10,000 subjects (McCrae & Costa, 1996). 27

  28. Adulthood’s Commitments Love and work are defining themes in adult life • Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value • Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation. JLP/ Jose Pelaez/ zefa/ Corbis 28

  29. Well-Being Across the Life Span Well-being and people’s feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span. 29

  30. Death and Dying • The “normal” range of reactions or grief stages after the death of a loved one varies widely. • Strong immediate grief does not effectively purge it more quickly • Supporting others, therapy, passing time, & supportive friends are all effective ways of adjusting to loss Chris Steele-Perkins/ Magnum Photos 30

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