Presentation Transcript

1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS

   What is it? “Industrialization”

2. The Next Three Days

   Today & Tomorrow Dawn of the Industrial Age (Pages 246-249 plus class notes) The Industrial Revolution Spreads (Pages 298-303 plus class notes) The New Imperialism (Pages 386-391 plus class notes) Friday Unit Test (20 points) 15 Multiple Choice - 5 Vocabulary/Word Bank

3. (7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

   A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads B) Agriculture Spurs Industry C) New Technology Becomes Key

4. LIFE CHANGES AS INDUSTRY SPREADS

   The Simple Life of 1750 Most people worked the land using handmade tools Lived in simple cottages lit by firelight & candles Made their own clothing Exchanged goods with nearby towns at weekly outdoor market Knew little about the world beyond their village How far could your horse take you?

5. LIFE CHANGES AS INDUSTRY SPREADS

   Fast forward to the 1850s Country villages had grown into industrial towns Clothing and food were likely made/grown elsewhere Travel between countries and continents by train or steamship People begin sending messages along telegraphs New inventions were common occurrences

6. LIFE CHANGES AS INDUSTRY SPREADS

   antiseptics anesthetics Improvement in health care Advancements Machines Technology Medicine & Understanding knowledge understanding

7. (7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

   A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads B) Agriculture Spurs Industry C) New Technology Becomes Key

8. AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRY

   Farming Methods Improve Prior to this time, people farmed in ways they did over 11,000 years ago Change begins with the Dutch people when they build earthen walls (dikes) to reclaim land from the sea Use fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil British begin exchanging ideas with farm journals

9. AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRY

   Farming Methods Improve Mix different soils to get higher crop yields New methods of crop rotation Grow turnips to restore exhausted soil New inventions for planting, turning, cultivating

10. ENCLOSURE INCREASES OUTPUT BUT CAUSES MIGRATION

    Trend in 1500s was to enclose land for more pastures for sheep to increase wool output In 1700s there was need to create larger fields for more efficient cultivation Resulted in larger farms, increasing output…but fewer farm workers were now needed “Enclosure” – the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

11. …AND AS A RESULT

    Villages shrink in size and workers head off to the towns and cities looking for work This is the labor force who would soon tend to the machines of the Industrial Revolution Fewer workers needed, small farmers forced off their land because they couldn’t compete

12. POPULATION MULTIPLIES

    Britain’s population soars from 5 million (1700) to 9 million (1800) Europe’s population from 120 million to 180 million Had never occurred like this before – WHY? Risk of death reduced from famine because of surplus of food Since people ate better, they were healthier Better hygiene and sanitation plus improved medical care…all slowed deaths from disease Rapid growth of population

13. (7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

    A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads B) Agriculture Spurs Industry C) New Technology Becomes Key video

14. NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY

    One vital power source was coal 1712 – British inventor Thomas Newcomen develops steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines 1764 – James Watt makes improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient The steam engine opens the door to operating machinery and powering locomotives and steamships An Energy Revolution: New sources of energy and new materials for use

15. NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY

    Coal was vital source of fuel in the production of iron Iron needed for the construction of machines and steam engines Darby family of Coakbrookdale pioneers new methods of producing iron The Quality of Iron Improves 1709 – Abraham Darby uses coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron (separate iron from its ore)

16. (9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    A) New Industrial Powers Emerge B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth C) Transportation and Communication Advances D) Business Takes a New Direction

17. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Initially, Britain tries to enforce strict rules against exporting inventions 1807 – British mechanic opens factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines Belgium is the 2nd European nation (after Britain) to industrialize By the mid-1800s, other nations join the race to challenge Britain’s industrial supremacy Britain has a head start

18. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Nations such as Germany, France, and the United States had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources than did Britain These countries “borrowed” British experts or technology The first American textile factory build in Rhode Island with plans smuggled out of Britain Robert Fulton powers his steamboat with one of Watt’s steam engines Nations Race to Industrialize

19. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    1871 – Germany unites into a powerful nation Within a few decades, becomes Europe’s leading industrial power After the Civil War, the United States advances even more rapidly By 1900, the US is manufacturing 30% of the world’s industrial goods, surpassing Britain as leader Germany and United States Excel

20. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Other names industrialize more slowly Lack natural resources or capital to invest in industry Russia had resources, but lacks social/political unity Industrialization results in social changes Uneven Growth & Effects of Industrialization Huge quantities of new goods at lower prices Increased demand creates jobs Politicians respond to needs of industry Rapid urbanization Men, women, and children work long hours in harsh conditions

21. (9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    A) New Industrial Powers Emerge B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth C) Transportation and Communication Advances D) Business Takes a New Direction

22. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    By the 1880s, companies hire professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery The merging of science, technology, and industry spurs economic growth American inventor and British engineer develop new process for making steel from iron – patented in 1856 Steel was mightier, harder, and more durable than iron- plus it can be produced more cheaply Technology Sparks Industrial Growth

23. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Chemists create hundreds of new products: aspirin, perfumes, soaps, fertilizers 1866: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, used in construction…but also in warfare (Nobel Peace Prize) Late 1800s, electricity replaces steam as dominant source of industrial power Michael Faraday creates the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity Innovations in Chemistry

24. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    1870s: Thomas Edison makes the first light bulb Huge impact upon cities, quickens the pace of city life, factories operate after dark 1890s: Cables carry electrical power from dynamos to factories Electric Power Comes of Age

25. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    As the 19th century progressed, factories using large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to mass-produce goods To improve efficiency, manufacturers design products with interchangeable parts (identical components that could be used in place of one another) Simplifies both the assembly and repair of products New Methods of Production

26. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    By the early 1900s, manufacturers introduce a new method of production, the assembly line Workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next Introduction of the Assembly Line This proved to be more efficient, but it took most of the joy out of the work itself

27. (9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    A) New Industrial Powers Emerge B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth C) Transportation and Communication Advances D) Business Takes a New Direction

28. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Transportation and communications are transformed by technology Steamships replace sailing ships The building of railroads takes off, connects inland cities and seaports, mining regions, and industrial centers A transcontinental railroad connects people from the east and west coasts Transportation and Communication Advances Passengers and goods ride the rails all over the world

29. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    1876: Nikolaus Otto invents a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine 1886: Karl Benz patents the first automobile 1887: Gottlieb Daimler introduces the first automobile Henry Ford makes models that can travel 25 mph using assembly line tech The Automobile Age Begins

30. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    Motorized threshers and reapers boost farm production Sustained, pilot-controlled flight Rapid Communication The world becomes smaller 1844: Telegraph invented 1860s: Undersea cable laid between Europe and North America Internal Combustion Engine Powers More Than Cars 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone

31. (9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS

    page 302 in textbook Video: Building New York City A) New Industrial Powers Emerge B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth C) Transportation and Communication Advances D) Business Takes a New Direction

32. (12.1) BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES

    What is it? “Imperialism” A) Motives Driving the New Imperialism B) The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism C) Forms of Imperial Rule “The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.”

33. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    Advances in science and technology, industry, transportation, and communication provide Western nations with many advantages Europe gains considerable power Strong, centrally governed nation-states with growing economies During the 1800s, the Industrial Revolution had transformed the Western World This “new imperialism” was the result of many developments taking place throughout the world

34. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    Economic Interests Spur Expansion Political and Military Motives Humanitarian and Religious Goals Applying Social Darwinism This “new imperialism” was the result of many developments taking place throughout the world

35. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    The Industrial Revolutions created needs and desires that spurred overseas expansion Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, and palm oil for machinery They also hoped for new markets of consumers Bankers sought ventures to invest their profits Economic Interests Spur Expansion

36. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    Political and military issues closed linked to economic motives Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels need bases around the world to take on coal and supplies - “Let’s seize islands and harbors!” Nationalism is important, too! When France moves into West Africa, Britain and Germany seize nearby lands to halt French expansion The feeling of prestige when you’re a global power Political and Military Motives

37. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    Many Westerners felt a genuine concern for their “little brothers” beyond the seas Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officers believed they had a duty to spread the “blessings” of Western civilization…including medicine, law, and Christian religion Humanitarian and Religious Goals

38. MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM

    Growing sense among people in the West that they were racially superior – “Social Darwinism” Darwin advocated natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies Argued that European races were superior to all others…hence they should dominate the weaker races since it was nature’s way of improving the human species Applying Social Darwinism

39. (12.1) BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES

    A) Motives Driving the New Imperialism B) The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism C) Forms of Imperial Rule

40. THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

    As European nations were growing stronger, many older civilizations were in decline- Ottoman Middle East, Mughal India, and Qing China Wars among African people and damaging effect of the slave trade undermines established empires, kingdoms, and city-states Newer African states were not strong enough to resist Weakness of Non-Western States

41. THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

    Strong Economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies/navies Advances in weapons were strong arguments Superior technology, medical knowledge Western Advantages New medicines helped Europeans survive deadly tropical diseases

42. THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

    Africans and Asians strongly resist Western expansion into their lands Fought, despite having inferior weapons Nationalist movements form to expel imperialists Facing Criticism at Home Resisting Imperialism Small groups of anti-imperialists voice displeasure Some argue that colonialism was tool of the rich

43. THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

    French sent officials and soldiers from France to administer their colonies (DIRECT RULE) British used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers (INDIRECT RULE) #1 Brits encouraged local ruling class to send their children to Britain to get education, grooming next generation in Western culture Forms of Imperial Rule

44. THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

    In a protectorate, local rulers left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity #2 In a sphere of influence, the outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges (ex: China) #3 Forms of Imperial Rule