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Part Two The Organism and Its Environment

Part Two The Organism and Its Environment. 個體與環境. Desert. A tenebrionid beetle ( Stenocara spp.) perched upon a sand dune in the Namib Desert. 霧氣在甲蟲甲殼上形成水珠. 非洲奈米比沙漠的 Kokerboom 樹具有 CAM 型光合作用. 美國亞利桑納沙漠的巨柱仙人掌( Saguaro ). Chapter 5 Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection.

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Part Two The Organism and Its Environment

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  1. Part TwoThe Organism and Its Environment 個體與環境

  2. Desert

  3. A tenebrionid beetle (Stenocara spp.) perched upon a sand dune in the Namib Desert.

  4. 霧氣在甲蟲甲殼上形成水珠

  5. 非洲奈米比沙漠的Kokerboom樹具有CAM型光合作用

  6. 美國亞利桑納沙漠的巨柱仙人掌(Saguaro)

  7. Chapter 5 Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection 生態遺傳學:適應與天擇

  8. 本章重點摘要 • 討論「演化 (evolution)」的重要概念。 • 瞭解與「演化」相關的重要名詞。例如:evolution、natural selection、species、speciation、adaptation、geographic variation。

  9. 適應(adaptation) • Any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait that maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions. • 任何可遺傳的行為、形態或生理上的特徵,能夠維持或增加個體在一特定環境條件下的適合度。

  10. The Origin of Species Charles Darwin Published in November 24, 1859

  11. http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/biodome/site/visite/medias/even&expo/darwin_affiche.jpghttp://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/biodome/site/visite/medias/even&expo/darwin_affiche.jpg 達爾文搭乘小獵犬號環遊世界之行程

  12. 方蟹(Grapsus grapsus)

  13. 芬雀

  14. 5.1 Adaptations Are a Product of Natural Selection 適應是天擇的產物

  15. Natural Selection(天擇 or自然選擇) • Natural selection is the differential success (survival and reproduction) of individuals within the population that results from their interaction with their environment. • 一族群中不同個體對環境適應能力展現在生存與繁殖上的不同成功情形。

  16. Fitness • The fitness of an individual is measured by the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations. • 以貢獻子代的數量多寡做為衡量一個體適應與否的一個標準。 • Fitness: 適當、適合、健康

  17. Natural selection requires two conditions • Variation is heritable(變異是可遺傳的) • Variation makes differences in survival and reproduction(變異導致存活和繁殖上的差異)

  18. 5.2 Genes Are the Units of Inheritance 基因是遺傳特徵的單位

  19. DNA→RNA→蛋白質

  20. 5.3 The Phenotype Is the Physical Expression of the Genotype 「表現型」是「基因型」的實際表現

  21. 名詞解釋 • Phenotype • Dominant allele • Recessive allele • Codominant • Qualitative trait & quantitative trait

  22. 基因與環境都會影響性狀的表現

  23. 5.4 Genetic Variation Occurs at the Level of the Population 基因變異發生在族群階層

  24. 名詞解釋 • Gnetic differentiation: 同一物種不同(亞)族群產生基因的變異。 • Gene pool:一族群所有基因的總合。 • Allele frequency: 某一對偶基因在族群中佔有的基因比例。

  25. 一個體的基因在其有生之年不會改變(無突變情況下),但一族群之基因庫則會隨時間產生變化。一個體的基因在其有生之年不會改變(無突變情況下),但一族群之基因庫則會隨時間產生變化。

  26. Evolution Is a Change in Gene Frequency 演化是基因頻率的變化

  27. 5.5 Adaptation Is a Product of Evolution by Natural Selection 適應是演化經由天擇的產物

  28. Natural selection 天擇作用

  29. 葛蘭特(Grant)夫婦

  30. 加拉巴哥群島:大戴芬妮島 (Daphne Major)

  31. 地芬雀:Geospiza fortis

  32. 加拉巴哥芬雀研究 • 葛蘭特夫婦自1973年開始在大戴芬妮島進行研究。 • 芬雀研究始自達爾文1835年的採集,1868(460隻)、1891(1100隻)、1897(3075隻)、1905-6(8691隻)。 • 芬雀的鳥喙具有極大的變異,為其分類之主要依據。

  33. 加拉巴哥芬雀研究 • 不同種的芬雀在食物豐富的季節吃的食物種類相同。 • Tjitte de Vries對葛蘭特提供建議,認為乾季可能才是芬雀生命中的關鍵時刻。 • 葛蘭特夫婦在1976年的乾旱季節目睹了芬雀的天擇過程。

  34. Galapagos 大戴芬妮島:地芬雀 Geospiza fortis在1976年的鳥喙大小變異

  35. 大戴芬妮島種子的豐富度與取食難度隨時間(1975-1978)之變化圖大戴芬妮島種子的豐富度與取食難度隨時間(1975-1978)之變化圖

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