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Individual Interactions. Chapter 18. First Impressions. Personal Beliefs. On a sheet of paper please draw two scales Good to Bad Attractive to Unattractive For each scale please rank them from 1 to 5 with key characteristics/qualities. Interpersonal Attraction.
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Individual Interactions Chapter 18
Personal Beliefs • On a sheet of paper please draw two scales • Good to Bad • Attractive to Unattractive • For each scale please rank them from 1 to 5 with key characteristics/qualities
Interpersonal Attraction • Social Psychology seeks to explain how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others • Social Cognition focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions • Why do we have the friends we do?
Interpersonal Attraction • We seek interactions with others out of habit • During infancy we depend on others to satisfy our basic needs • We tend to want company even more in difficult situations • Scared, anxious, unsure of ourselves, comparing experiences • “Misery loves company”
Birds of a Feather Flock Together Opposites Attract Absence makes the heart grow fonder
Interpersonal Attraction We choose friends based on some key traits: • Proximity -how close friends live to you • Reward Values • Stimulation value -introduce you to new/different ideas and situations • Utility value -willing to help you • Ego Support value -sympathy and support • Physical Appearance -we like to be friends with other physically appealing people • Approval -they agree with us • Similarity -similar backgrounds, attitudes, and interests • Complementarity -opposites who have characteristics that compliment one another
Work Together • Get into groups of 3 • Look at your 12 friendship quotes • Categorize them into the 3 types of reward values • 1) Stimulation • 2) Utility • 3) Ego Support
Learning Style: interpersonal • Recommendations for winning and keeping friends • When you are talking to someone, spend at least 50% of the time listening to them • Be an active rather than passive listener • Instead of focusing on yourself, ask questions about the person you are with • Insincere approval is a turnoff • For 5 minutes: Role play with your neighbor (aka. Have a conversation) using these guidelines.
Friends • Identify five traits you admire in your best friends. • Identify five traits you think your friends admire in you. • Tonight, ask your best friends to draw up the same lists.
Review Questions • Explain the differences among stimulation value, utility value, and ego support value. • What are the factors involved in choosing friends? • Is the saying “misery loves company” accurate? • There is a saying stating that beauty is only skin deep. Do you think it is true? Do people act as if it is true? Explain.
Case Study • Open your book to page 526 • Read the case study “What you see is what you get” and answer the 3 questions on a separate piece of paper
American Beauty • Flip through your magazine. Note all the ways in which an ideal of physical beauty is presented. • Questions to discuss: • In what ways has society created an expectation of conformity with regards to physical appearance? • What has influenced your beliefs about the importance of physical appearance? • Why is attractiveness difficult to define? • Why do you think there is a connection between looks and social skills?
American Beauty • You are to create a collage of what American society has deemed beautiful. This should include images, words, phrases, advertisements, etc. that you are bombarded with on a daily basis. What does society tell me is beautiful? • On another paper you will find an “artistic” way to answer the question: What makes me beautiful? Be creative! This could be another collage, a poem, a drawing, photographs, a story, a wordle, etc.
Friends • Identify five traits you admire in your best friends. • Identify five traits you think your friends admire in you. • Tonight, ask your best friends to draw up the same lists. • What traits did you and your friends have in common? • What ten qualities seem to be the most important to teenagers?
Social Perception • Are first impressions important to you? • First impressions tend to have a primacy effect • Form opinions based on first impressions • Schemas – the knowledge or set of assumptions we develop about a person we know. Can influence and distort our thoughts and behaviors (Teachers) • Often we stereotype a group of people based on our first impression • Set of assumptions about people in a given category often based on half truths and non truths • Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
Stereotypes • What are advantages and disadvantages of stereotypes? • What are some common, inoffensive stereotypes? • Many are indeed true to some extent and arise from cultural rules of behavior (i.e. Germans are hardworking and Japanese are polite – these are both values in these respective cultures) • The fallacy lies in thinking that the stereotype is ALWAYS true. • What are some examples of how negative stereotypes have been used as a weapon of discrimination and hatred?
Stereotypes: Labeling Exercise • Goal: To demonstrate how stereotypes affect the self-perception and behavior of the person who is stereotyped. • We will conduct a labeling exercise to help us see how stereotypes work. Participation is optional. If you choose not to participate you will play the role of an observer. • I will randomly place a label on each participants back, you should NOT see your label. • You will spend about 10 minutes talking with each other about future goals. You should circulate to talk to several different people, and you should treat one another according to the other person’s labeled attribute. (If someone is labeled forgetful you would keep reminding them of the instructions).
Keep your labels on and have a seat • Discuss: • How did you feel during the exercise? • How were you treated by others? • How did this treatment affect you? Remove your labels. Discuss: • Was the label what you guessed, or were you surprised by it? • When people stereotyped you, were you able to disregard it? • Did you try to disprove the stereotype? If so, did it work? • How did you feel toward the person stereotyping you? • If your attribute was positive (e.g. good at math) how did you feel? • When stereotyping others, how easy was it to find confirming evidence? • When stereotyping others, how did you react to disconfirming evidence?
Social Perception • You are sitting at a stop light. Somebody behind you honks and gestures you out of their way. What’s going on in your mind?
Social Perception • Attribution theory is an analysis of how we interpret or understand other people’s behavior • What if once you moved the guy said “thanks my wife is in labor.” Would that change how you feel? • His worry about his wife is called an external attribute (situational). His concern for himself, if he were only in a rush, is an internal attribute (dispositional).
Social Perception • Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to attribute others behavior to dispositional causes (internal causes) • Actor-Observer Bias is our tendency to focus on internal factors when explaining others behaviors but focus on external factors when explaining our own behavior • Self-serving bias is our tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control
Describe your greatest success and your most disappointing failure • Identify the attributions used in describing your successes and failures • Self –serving bias?
Social Perception • Get into groups of 4 • Create a skit that demonstrates a fundamental attribution error • Make the skits as realistic as possible
Nonverbal Communication • Messages conveyed by means other than with words. • Posture • Gestures • Body Language • Facial Expressions • How powerful are nonverbal messages? • Are you always aware of the message you are sending nonverbally? • Let’s examine how the nonverbal aspects of communication convey meaning.
Review Questions • Explain the errors people sometimes make when using shortcuts to attribute behavior • What are the two components of attribution theory • What are social rules • Internal or external • 1) Friend helps you wash your car because she is nice • 2) Your friend helps you wash your car because she wanted to impress your parents • 3) Your friend helps you wash your car because she owes you a favor
Personal Relationships • Erik Erikson believes that early and persistent patterns of parent-child interaction could influence people’s later adult expectations about their relationships with the significant people in their lives • True or not true? • Give me an example
Personal Relationships • In our society parent-child conflict happens, usually during adolescence • Conflict is largely due to generational identity • People think differently based on when they were born • Different ideologies and concerns • Love means different things to different people • 2 types of love • 1) Passionate-intense, sensual, and all consuming (fades) • 2) Companionate love-friendship, trust, wanting to be with them (stable)
Classroom Debate • Debate the following question: • On what is the ideal relationship based-passionate love or companionate love
Personal Relationships • Liking is based primarily on respect for one another and feeling that he/she is similar to you • Love has 3 major components • 1) Need or attachment • Want to be with the other person, to touch, to be praised and cared for, to fulfill and be fulfilled • 2) Caring or desire to give • The state in which the happiness of another person is essential to our own • 3) Intimacy • Do I really need to explain?
Personal Relationships • Most couples are equal on the love scale (Rubin) • Women tend to like their boyfriends more than their boyfriends liked them • Women also are more likely to share intimacies with their same sex friends more • Sternberg proposed a triangular theory of love • Intimacy, passion, and commitment
Love is not something that happens to you… You must nurture it… Work at it
Quick Lab • 90% of adults in the US will marry • Go around the room and ask each classmate one quality they consider essential in a potential mate (BE APPROPRIATE) • Separate them by male/female responses and tally the results • What traits did females consider most important? What about the males? • Based on these traits do you feel like they are ones that are likely to result in a successful marriage? Explain
studies show these things help make a marriage last… • Similar cultural and economic backgrounds • About the same level of education • Practice (or reject) the same religion • Parents were happily married • Had happy childhoods • Maintain good relationships with their families
Personal Relationships • Marriage success rates depend partially on similarities • Endogamy-marry someone from your own social group • Homogamy-marry someone who has similar attributes (physical attractiveness, age, physique) • Healthy adjustment to marriage depends on: • Whether the couples needs are compatible, • whether the husband’s and wife's images of themselves coincide with their images of each other, • and whether they agree on what the husbands' and wife's roles in the marriage are
Review Questions • What is generational identity? • What is the difference between endogamy and homogamy? Explain • In what ways are liking and loving different?
