Implications, adaptations & policies for food security and livelihoods

1. Implications, adaptations & policies for food security and livelihoods

2. Based on…..

3. Where are we in the programme? Projected changes to atmospheric and oceanic conditions Ecosystems supporting fish Fish stocks/aquaculture species Implications for economic development, food security and livelihoods Adaptations and policies to reduce threats and capitalise on opportunities

4. Outline • Factors affecting availability of fish for food • Reef area, population growth, climate change • Implications for food security • Relative importance of population growth and climate change • Win-win adaptations • Supporting policies

5. Provide 35 kg of fish per person per year • Vanuatu • 20 kg of fish per person per year Goal to use fish for food security

6. Coastal fisheries / coral reefs, mangroves and sea grasses • How Much is available ? Where does most fish come from? Photos: Eric Clua, Gary Bell, Christophe Launay

7. Smol Problem! • Sustainable catches from most reefs are unknown Solution: use median estimate of 3 tonnes per km2per year

8. Coral reef area in Solomon Islands

9. Annual coastal fish production (mt) 3 tonnes x • Population in 2010 was 252,000 • ~ 15 kg of fish per person per year

10. Provide 35 kg of fish per person per year • Vanuatu • 20 kg of fish per person per year (15 from reefs 5 from tuna) UHH OHH!

11. Factors affecting availability of fish • Population growth Source: SPC Statistics for Development Programme

12. Effects of climate change on production Today 2035(-2 to -5%) 2050 (-20%) 2100 (-20 to -50%)

13. YUMI KAT BIGFALA GAP Current/Future Availability 35kg per person

16. Adaptations • Must minimise and then fill the gap

17. Adaptation decision framework Addresses climate change Long-term Loss Long-term Gain Near-term Loss Addresses present drivers Win-Lose Near-term Gain After Grafton (2010)

18. Potential Adaptationsto MINIMIZE the Gap

19. Win-win adaptations Manage and restore vegetation cover in catchments L-L L-W W-L W-W Improves resilience of coral reef, mangrove and seagrass habitats

20. Win-win adaptations Sustain production of fish stocks L-L L-W Maintaining spawning adults will help ensure replenishment and build resilience of key species W-L W-W

21. Potential Adaptationsto FILL the Gap

22. How best to fill the gap to provide 35kg/person? Coastal fisheries Freshwater fisheries Pond aquaculture Tuna & bycatch

23. Win-win adaptations Store and distribute tuna and bycatch from industrial fleets to urban areas L-L L-W W-L W-W

24. Win-win adaptations Increase access to tuna with anchored inshore Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) L-L L-W W-L W-W

25. Subsurface FAD

26. Win-win adaptations Improve post-harvest methods L-L L-W W-L W-W Photo: Jocelyn Carlin

28. Win-win adaptations Develop pond aquaculture in rural and peri-urban areas L-L L-W W-L W-W Photo: Ben Ponia

31. Win-win adaptations Develop coastal fisheries for small pelagic species ? L-L L-W W-L W-W Photo: Nathalie Behring

32. Win-win adaptations Use Available Climate Servicesfrom Meteo Dept meteo.gov.vu ? L-L L-W W-L W-W

33. Other adaptations Provide for landward migration of coastal fish habitats L-L L-W W-L W-W

34. Other adaptations Reduce and diversify catches of demersal fish L-L L-W W-L W-W Greater focus on herbivorous fish

35. Other adaptations Allow for expansion of freshwater fish habitats L-L L-W W-L W-W

36. Suggested supporting policies • Strengthen governance of agriculture, forestry and mining practices to prevent soil loss and pollution, to safeguard fish habitats and water quality • Minimise barriers to migration of coastal and freshwater habitats • Promote mangrove replanting programmes • Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal and freshwater stocks to maintain their potential for replenishment

37. Suggested supporting policies • Apply ‘primary fisheries management’ to coastal and freshwater stocks to maintain their potential for replenishment • gear restrictions • spatial closures • size limits • closed seasons

38. Suggested supporting policies • Increase access to tuna for the food security • Capitalise on opportunities for freshwater pond aquaculture

39. Key investments • Surveys of best sites for installing inshore FADs • Programmes to install and maintain FADs • Identify prime locations for peri-urban and rural pond aquaculture • Hatcheries and networks to deliver juveniles • Evaluate merits of micro-credit schemes to develop fisheries around FADs; expand pond aquaculture; and scale-up post-harvest processing

40. www.nab.vu 500+ terrestrial adaptation strategies for various climate impacts

41. Conclusions • Win-win adaptations are available to reduce risks and capitalise on opportunities • Much ADAPTATION can be done cheaply now • Supporting policies and investments are needed • Integrate adaptations and policies and investments into national strategies and action plans for climate change, including community-based actions supported by partners