Prentice Hall PoliticalScience Interactive

1. Prentice HallPoliticalScienceInteractive Thomas R. Dye Politics in America Chapter 3 Special Topic Amending the Constitution

2. Amending the Constitution Is it wrong to amend the constitution?

3. Amending the Constitution How should we view the Constitution? An instrument of government An expression of basic and timeless personal liberties

4. The Amending Power and How it Has Been Used

5. Amending the Constitution • The framers of the Constitution gave responsibility for amending the Constitution to Congress and the states • Presidential political influence can be crucial in getting amendments proposed and ratified

6. Proposing Amendments

7. Amendments to the Constitution Since the Bill of Rights • 11th Immunity of states to foreign suits • Date Proposed: March 4, 1794 • Date Ratified: February 7, 1795 • 12th Revision of presidential election procedures • Date Proposed: December 9, 1803 • Date Ratified: June 15, 1804 • 13th Abolition of slavery • Date Proposed: January 31, 1865 • Date Ratified: December 6, 1865 • 14th Citizenship, state due process, state equal protection • Date Proposed: June 13, 1866 • Date Ratified: July 9, 1868

8. Amendments to the Constitution Since the Bill of Rights • 15th Racial suffrage • Date Proposed: February 26, 1869 • Date Ratified: February 3, 1870 • 16th Federal income tax • Date Proposed: July 12, 1909 • Date Ratified: February 3, 1913 • 17th Direct election to the United States Senate • Date Proposed: May 13, 1912 • Date Ratified: April 8, 1913 • 18th Prohibition of alcohol (Repealed by 21st amendment) • Date Proposed: December 18, 1917 • Date Ratified: January 16, 1919

9. Amendments to the Constitution Since the Bill of Rights • 19th Women's suffrage • Date Proposed: June 4, 1919 • Date Ratified: August 18, 1920 • 20th Term Commencement for congress (January 3) and president (January 20) • Date Proposed: March 2, 1932 • Date Ratified: January 23, 1933 • 21st Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment; state and local prohibition permitted • Date Proposed: February 20, 1933 • Date Ratified: December 5, 1933 • 22nd Limits the president to two terms • Date Proposed: March 24, 1947 • Date Ratified: February 27, 1951

10. Amendments to the Constitution Since the Bill of Rights • 23rd Representation of Washington, DC in Electoral College • Date Proposed: June 16, 1960 • Date Ratified: March 29, 1961 • 24th Suffrage and prohibition of poll taxes • Date Proposed: September 14, 1962 • Date Ratified: January 23, 1964 • 25th Presidential disabilities • Date Proposed: July 6, 1965 • Date Ratified: February 23, 1967 • 26th Age suffrage • Date Proposed: March 23, 1971 • Date Ratified: July 1, 1971 • 27th Variance of congressional compensation • Date Proposed: September 25, 1789 • Date Ratified: May 5, 1992[1]

11. Ratifying Amendments The Time for Ratification of the 27 Amendments to the Constitution

12. Ratification Politics: The ERA • First introduced in 1923 • Endorsed by every president from Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan • More than 450 organizations with a total membership of more than 50 million were on record in support of the ERA

13. Ratification Politics: The ERA • Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. • Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. • Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification."

14. Constitutional Change: Judicial Interpretations Some of the greatest changes to the constitution have come about not by formal amendment but by interpretations of the document by federal courts

15. Constitutional Change: Congressional and Presidential Action • The president tries to expand the meaning of “executive Power” • Congress tries to restrict the president’s power as commander-in-chief

16. Constitutional Change: Custom and Practice The Constitution also changes over time as a result of generally accepted customs and practice