TRADITIONAL FOREST ACTIVITIES IN NORWAY , 31.3.2008

1. TRADITIONAL FOREST ACTIVITIES IN NORWAY, 31.3.2008 Cultural monuments in forests and outfields; many signs of human activity: Questions: Are any objects more important than others? (and for whom?) Which of them are most interesting for ”common people”?

2. Now! Middle ages Cool and humid climate 1000 Spruce Iron age 0 Bronze age Oak (Scots pine in mountains) Warm and dry climate 2000 ”Younger” stone age Neolithic Oak (Oslo). Alder, elm, ash, linden. Scots pine + birch in north Warm and humid climate 4000 6000 Mesolithic ”Older” stone age Scots pine. Hazel, grey alder Warm and dry climate 8000 Cool and dry climate Birch. Sallow, aspen Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) 10000

3. 1537 1985 600 BD 800 AD IMMIGRATION OF SPRUCE IN NORWAY Pollen grains from different layers and from different species can be used to analyze what time periods ”objects” stem from. In addition: C14, form, size etc.

4. CULTURAL MONUMENTS - TIME PERSPECTIVE Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Middle Ages

5. Now! STONE AGE 1000 Most human tools preserved from that era made of stone (+ wood and animal parts). Almost complete unavailability of metal (except gold). 0 2000 Neolithic 4000 Stone age 6000 Mesolithic 8000 Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) 10000

7. Now! BRONZE AGE 1000 Time period Northern Europe: 1800 – 550 BD. 0 Started when humans made tools from bronze instead of stone. Included techniques for smelting copper and tin ores to bronze. Bronze age 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

8. Now! IRON AGE 1000 Norway: 500 BD – 1050 AD. Divided into: Old iron age: - Pre-Roman iron age 500 BD – 0 - Roman iron age 0 – 400 AD - Migration period 400 – 550 AD Young iron age: - 550 – 1050 AD (- Viking time period 800 – 1050 AD) Iron age 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

9. Now! MIDDLE AGES Middle ages 1000 Norway: 1050 - 1537 - Early Middle Ages 1050 (1066?) - 1184 - High Middle Ages 1184 - 1319 - Late Middle Ages 1319 – 1537 (Reformation) 0 2000 4000 Europe in 1328 6000 8000 10000

10. ”MODERN TIMES” (1537 -) Ironworks Paper production

11. Act of 9. June 1978 No 50 Concerning the Cultural Heritage § 3: No person shall, (…) initiate any measure which is liable to damage, destroy, dig up, move, change, cover, conceal or in any other way unduly disfigure any monument or site that is automatically protected by law … § 4: The following monuments and sites earlier than AD 1537 are automatically protected: settlement sites, traces of industry, traces of land cultivation, roads and tracks, defences, cult sites, inscriptions on stones, standing stones and monuments, stone settings, burials of any kind etc. § 6: Security zone (5 meters from visible parameter …)

12. FOREST AVTIVITIES – EXAMPLES • Cultural monuments older than from 1537 AD protected by law in Norway. • How old are they? (or: is after/before the year 1537 very important?) • How about the younger monuments? • How do ”common people” experience automatically protected or not? Forests and outfields in Northern Europe have a lot of cultural monuments from different time periods. How many are registrated, and by who? Stone age site Burial

13. THE NEED FOR REGISTRATION – OFFICIAL DATABASE

14. Now! Pitfalls: In Norway from BD 3700. Middle ages 1000 Pitfalls • Reindeer • Moose • ”Other” animals Different systems and combinations Iron age 0 Bronze age 2000 Neolithic 4000 6000 Mesolithic 8000 Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) 10000

15. MOOSE: Hunting today: Recreation (++) Earlier: A necessity to get food Pitfalls: illegal by law from 1863

16. WILD REINDEER:

17. Now! Iron production: In Norway from BD 500. Natural resources needed: timber and bog Middle ages 1000 Iron Iron age 0 Bronze age Production of iron has changed in character over time, as production methods developed: Differences in shaft furnaces in A) Old iron age, B) Young iron age and C) Viking/medieval times. 2000 Neolithic 4000 6000 Mesolithic A B C Air 8000 Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) Slag 10000

18. IRON PRODUCTION – DIFFERENT PERIODS A B C • Big blocs of slag • Air bubbles in slag • Close to river/water • Smaller blocs of slag • ”Floating” slag • Furnace made of stone • Still smaller blocs of slag

19. Now! Middle ages 1000 Coal Coal production: In Norway from AD 500. Iron age 0 Bronze age • Connected to iron production • Often flat bottom (1 meter in depth or less) • Most numerous of cultural monuments in forests • Not systematically located in terrain, in opposite • to pitfalls 2000 Neolithic 4000 6000 Mesolithic 8000 Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) Charcoal pit 10000

20. Now! Tar Tar production: In Norway from AD 1100 (maybe earlier) Middle ages 1000 Iron age 0 Bronze age 2000 Neolithic 4000 Forest machine or cultural monument? 6000 Mesolithic 8000 Paleolithic (2 mill – 8000 B. C.) Tar kiln in marsh 10000

21. STUDENTS: WHAT IS THIS?

22. REGISTRATION COURSE – GROUPS OF STUDENTS

23. RESULTS FROM GROUP WORK Pitfalls Not sure Tar kiln Charcoal pit

24. FINDINGS AT HEDMARK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, EVENSTAD Charcoal pits

25. ”Culture road” in Tylldalen, Norway – an example on today’s use of cultural monuments Post 4 Post 5 Map; where are we? Pitfall system (moose) Pilgrim road Post 9 Post 6 Summer farm Old timber cabin Iron production site

26. MAPUNGUBWE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA – GUIDING COURSE 2006 (NATURE – CULTURAL MONUMENTS) ROCK ART

27. CONCLUSION Knowledge; from what time? Archaeologists, biologists, anthro- pologists ….. Make use of their findings and answers locally! … and their technolgy.