Unconventional Weapon Use

1. Unconventional Weapon Use World War One World War Two Compare and Contrast

2. World War One Detailed Description of Poison Gas Timeline of its Use The Second Battle of Ypres Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori by Wilfred Owen Casualties from Gas Use

3. Types of Poison Gas • Chlorine Gas: Causes a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains. Usually results in suffocation. “Yellow Cloud”. • Phosgene: Similar to chlorine gas however it caused less coughing and thus more of the gas was ingested. Could take up to 48 hours to have any effect. Often mixed with chlorine gas. • Mustard Gas: Causes internal and external blisters and bleeding, sore eyes, and vomiting. Colorless and Odorless. Takes up to 12 hours to have an effect. Death can take up to 5 weeks.

4. August 1914 • Tear-gas grenades (xy|y| bromide) were deployed by the French army against the Germans. • The tear-gas merely made those Germans who were close enough to the gas, “tear up” thus their vision was blurred. No significant damage was caused by the gas.

5. October 1914 • The capture of Neuve Chapelle • German army fired shells at the French which contained a chemical irritant.

6. January 31, 1915 – March 1915 • Tear gas employed by the Germans for the first time on the Eastern Front. • Fired in liquid form (housed in Howitzer shells) against the Russians at Bolimov. • Experiment proved unsuccessful. • Nieuport, March 1915: German army tried again using an improved form of the tear gas against the French.

7. April 22nd, 1915 • Chlorine gas was first used on April 22nd, 1915 by the German army at the start of the Second Battle of Ypres. • At approximately 5pm the French and Algerian troops noticed a yellow-green cloud coming towards their line. • Thousands died.

8. September 24th-25th, 1915 • September 24th, 1915: Approximately 400 chlorine gas emplacements were placed among the British front line around Loos. • September 25th, 1915: At 5:20am a mixture of smoke and chlorine gas were released over a period of about 40 minutes. • The wind direction shifted and gas was blown back into the British trenches. • It has been estimated that more British casualties were suffered than German.

9. September 1917 • Riga • Germany vs Russia • Germany uses mustard gas for the first time.

10. 1917 • Filter respirators created • Charcoal or antidote chemicals used

11. 1925 • The use of gas was outlawed • Used points from the Armistice of November 11th, 1918 • Gas has not been used in armed conflict since.

12. The Second Battle of Ypres • At the start of the war, the British, Canadians, and French held Ypres Salient. • Morning of the 22nd, they were bombarded by the Germans • 1700 hours, Germans released 5.7350 cylinders (168 tons) of chlorine gas.

13. The Second Battle of Ypres • French were ordered to “stand to” • Germans did not attack • Soldiers began to suffocate as the chlorine gas filled their lungs http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/first_world_war/clips/14165/

14. The Second Battle of Ypres • French, British, and Canadian Soldiers fled! • Four mile gap created in Allied line • German infantry eventually advanced.

15. The Second Battle of Ypres • Canadian and British to the right were outnumbered. • Germans gained control of a large portion of Ypres Salient. • Casualties: • 69 000 Allies • 35 000 Germans

16. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs, And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots, But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of gas-shells dropping softly behind. Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time, But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime.- Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin; If you could hear , at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old lie; dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. -Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori

17. Casualties from Gas Use

18. World War Two Detailed Description of the use of Nuclear Weapons Different Types of Nuclear Weapons -Nuclear Fission -Nuclear Fusion Timeline of Its Use The Bombing of Hiroshima

19. How does a Nuclear Bomb Work? • Nuclear reaction generates energy from heat and radiated particles. • Energy released is millions of times stronger than TNT. • 3 parts: • A shell to contain bomb • A trigger • Nuclear Fuel

20. Nuclear Fission • Nucleus splits into smaller fragments. • Can occur spontaneously or when a nucleus captures a neutron. • Chain reaction (uncontrolled in nuclear weapons).

21. Nuclear Fusion • Two light elements fuse together. • Form a nucleus • A blast of energy is released as the nucleus is formed. • Takes short amount of time.

22. Manhattan Project

23. July 16, 1945: Trinity • Alamogordo, New Mexico. • First nuclear test • Result of the top secret program called the Manhattan Project. http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/12158/

24. Hiroshima

25. Nagasaki

26. The Cold War • “Superpowers” – US and USSR. • Build up of Nuclear Weapons • 65 000 by 1986 • Deterrence • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

27. 1958: Moratorium

28. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

29. 1970: SALT

30. 1995 • Russians spotted a missile. • Nuclear briefcase activated. • Submarines • Missile = research rocket • “Four-Minute Warning”

31. Canadian in Hiroshima http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/12167/

32. Bombing was justified http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/12175/