1 / 40

Special Senses:

Special Senses:. Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Diagnostics, and Theraputics. The Five Special Senses:. Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell. Some General Terms:. Accomodation Acuity Gustation (taste) Humor Olfaction (smell) Ossicle Photopigment (retina) Slit lamp Tunic.

jenski
Download Presentation

Special Senses:

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Special Senses: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Diagnostics, and Theraputics

  2. The Five Special Senses: • Sight • Hearing • Touch • Taste • Smell

  3. Some General Terms: • Accomodation • Acuity • Gustation (taste) • Humor • Olfaction (smell) • Ossicle • Photopigment (retina) • Slit lamp • Tunic

  4. Eye Anatomy: 3 tunics • Fibrous Tunic (outermost layer) • Protective • Sclera (white), cornea, conjunctiva • Vascular Tunic (middle layer = uvea) • Choroid (blood supply), iris, ciliary body • Pupil, lens, suspensory ligaments • Sensory Tunic (innermost layer) • Retina, fovea, macula

  5. Fibrous Tunic: Structures • Sclera • Translucent to allow light through • Cornea • Anterior part of the sclera • No capillaries of its own • Conjunctiva • Also lines the inner surfaces of eyelids • Has capillaries

  6. Vascular Tunic: Structures • Choroid • Pigmented, vascular layer • Has posterior opening for optic nerve • Limits amount of light entering • Iris • Anterior part of choroid • Regulates amount of light passing through pupil • Ciliary body • Circular muscle that produces aqueous humor • Attaches to a capsular sac that holds the lens

  7. Vascular Tunic: Structures • Pupil • Opening in the vascular tunic to allow light in • Dilates and contricts • Lens • Focuses light • Changes shape with ciliary muscle action • Suspensory ligaments • Hold lens in place • Accomodation: changes in eye shape to allow focus

  8. Sensory Tunic: Structures • Retina • Outer, pigmented layer over choroid • Inner, nervous layer, visual part • Rods • Function in dim light, sense black and white • Cones • Function in bright light, sense color

  9. Sensory Tunic: Structures • Macula • Posterior aspect of retina • Provides central vision • Fovea • Depression or pit in the macula • Contains only cones

  10. Other Structures of the eye: • Photopigment: visual pigment, undergoes chemical changes when light hits it • Stimulates rods and cones • Optic nerve • Interprets & transmits visual stimuli • Optic disc • Area of entrance of the optic nerve into the posterior part of the eye • Also contains blood vessel • “blind spot” No rods or cones here

  11. Other optic structures: • Humor (fluids in the eye) • Types of humors • Aqueous humor • Fills anterior & posterior chamber • Made by ciliary body, drained through canal of Schlemm • Nourishment for lens & cornea, focuses light • Glaucoma = deficiency of aqueous humor • Vitreous humor • Thick, gelatinous, in vitreous chamber of globe • Helps to focus light

  12. More Optic structures: • 6 muscles control coordinated eye movements • Conjunctiva • Lacrimal glands and canals • Near medical canthus of the eye • Make tears

  13. Auditory Anatomy • External ear • Auricle (pinna) • External auditory canal • Cerumen = earwax • Middle ear (tympanic cavity) • Inner ear (labyrinth)

  14. Auditory Anatomy • Middle ear • Connects with pharynx via Eustachian tube • Tympanic membrane (eardrum) TM • Ossicles (little bones) • Malleus (hammer) • Between TM and incus • Incus (anvil) • Between malleus and stapes • Stapes (stirrups) • Between incus and cochlea

  15. Auditory Anatomy • Inner ear • Auditory Nerve • Cochlea • Snail-shaped structure filled with perilymph • Organ of Corti • Hearing structure made of hair cells • Oval window • Foot of the stapes rests on this

  16. Auditory Anatomy • Inner Ear (continued) • Structures that maintain static and dynamic equilibrium • Labyrinth • Maze-like, fluid-filled structure • Semicircular canals • 3 in number • Vestibule • Joins cochlea to semicircular canals

  17. Medical Word Elements: • Amblyo= dull, dim (amblyopia) • Blepharo= eyelid (blepharoplasty) • Coreo- or pupillo = pupil • Pupillary response • Conjunctivo- (conjunctivitis) • Corneo- or kerato- = cornea • Cyclo=ciliary body, or cycle

  18. Medical Word Elements: • Lacrimo- or dacryo = tear or lacrimal • Glauco- = gray (glaucoma) • Irido- = iris • Oculo or ophthalmo- = eye • Opto- or optico- = eye • Photo- = light • Presbyo= old age (presbyopia)

  19. Medical Word Elements • Retino- • Sclero- = sclera or hardening • Scoto- darkness (scotoma) • Vitro- = vitreous humor or body • Aqueo- = aqueous humor

  20. Medical Word Elements: Hearing • Audio= hearing (Audiometry) • Auro- or oto- = ear (otitis) • Labyrintho- (Labyrinthitis) • Mastoido- = mastoid process (mastoiditis) • Myringo- or tympano- = tympanic membrane (myringotomy & tympanectomy)

  21. Suffixes: Vision & Hearing • -opia or opsia = vision • hemianopsia • -tropia = turning • esotropia • -acusia or –cusis = hearing • Presbycusis, anacusia

  22. Prefixes: • Exo- = outside or outward • exopthalmos • Hyper- = above or more than normal • Hyperopia (farsightedness)

  23. Pathology: Eyes • Ametropia: refraction problems from failure of light to fall properly on the retina • Myopia: • Nearsightedness, globe is too long • Hyperopia/ hypermetropia • Farsightedness, globe is too short • Presbyopia • Aging effect, a type of farsightedness, 40-45 YOA • Astigmatism • Defective lens curvature, diffuse light contact with retina, less focused, visual acuity is not sharp

  24. Pathology: Eyes • Cataracts • Proteinaceous opacification of lens • Impairs vision gradually • Over 50% in US over 65 YOA • Congenital form due to rubella (measles) in first trimester • Surgical treatment: • Phacoemulisification of lense (US or laser) • Implantation of intraocular lens (IOL)

  25. Pathology: Eyes • Glaucoma • Aqueous humor does not drain through canal of Schlemm, intraocular pressure (IOP) increases and destroys optic nerve • Open-angle or closed-angle types • Blurry vision, erythematous eye, eye pain • Tonometer/tonometry: measures IOP • Treatment: miotics (constricts pupils) or surger

  26. Pathology: Eyes • Strabismus (heterotropia) • Eye misalignment (exo- or esotropia, upward or downward deviation) • Both eyes do not focus on the same object • Loss of 3 dimensional perception (steropsis) • Amblyopia- childhood version, suppression of vision in the deviated eye • Treatments: corrective lenses, eye exercises, surgery

  27. Pathology: Eyes • Macular degeneration • Deterioration of macula =central vision loss • For fine work, facial recognition, driving, reading • Most common type = age related (ARMD) • Wet type • Only 10% of pts • Neovascular type, vessel leak fluids that destroy cells • Laser photocoagulation-not permanent • Dry type • Drusen (yellow deposits of dried pigment cells) form on macula • Visual loss without total blindness

  28. Pathology: Hearing/ears • Otitis Media • Inflammation of middle ear • Bacterial or viral • Frequent in pediatrics, associated with URI • Severe forms associated with mastoiditis or otopyorrhea, otoencephalitis • Antibiotics, analgesics, occasionally surgery (Tympanotomy, myringotomy)

  29. Pathology: Hearing/ears • Otosclerosis • Ankylosis (hardening) of bones of middle ear • Usually the stapes • Symptoms: tinnitis, dizziness, progressive hearing loss (low tones especially) • Genetic tendency • Treatment is surgical

  30. Oncology • Retinoblastoma • Children, familial • 30% bilateral • Treatment is enucleation & radiation • Melanoma • Usually in adults • Usually arises in the pigmented cells of the choroid, but also in the orbit, iris or ciliary body • Surgical treatment varies with tumor location

  31. Diagnostic & Symptomatic Terms • Achromatopsia: color blindness • Chalazion: eyelid tumor, seb. Cyst • Conjunctivitis • Convergence: normal medial movements of the eyes to focus on same object • Diopter: measurement term of refraction • Ectropion: eversion of lower lid rim

  32. Diagnostic & Symptomatic Terms • Exopthalmos • Hordeolum: sty, bacterial infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid • Nyctalopia: night vision • Nystagmus • Papilledema • Photophobia • presbyopia

  33. Diagnostic & Symptomatic Terms: • Retinopathy • Visual field • Anacusis: deafness • Labyrinthitis • Meniere disease • Otitis externa

  34. Diagnostic & Symptomatic Terms • Presbyacusis • Tympanostomy tubes (PE) • Tinnitus • vertigo

  35. Procedures • Audiometry • Caloric stimulation • Tonometry • Visual acuity testing • Gonioscopy: exam of angle of anterior chamber (for glaucoma) • Opthalmoscopy or opthalmoscope

  36. Procedures • Otoscopy (including pneumatic) • Retinoscopy • Fluorescein • Orthoptic training (eye movements)

  37. Surgical Procedures: • Blepharectomy • Blepharoplasty • Cochlear implant • Cyclodialysis: surgical formation of opening to drain aqueous humor • Enucleation: removal of whole globe • Evisceration: sclera and cornea remain

  38. Surgical Procedures • Keratotomy: corneal incision • Otoplasty: on pinna • Phacoemulsification • Sclerostomy: opening in sclera • Tympanoplasty (myringoplasty): often done for TM perforation

  39. Pharmacology: • Antibiotics: often topical • Antiglaucoma drugs • Timolol, diamox, timoptic • Mydriatrics: to dilate pupil • atropine • Ophthalmic decongestants: OTC • Ophthalmic moisturizers: OTC

  40. Pharmacology • Antiemetics (vertigo treatment) • Meclizine, Antivert • Otic analgesics • Auralgan • Wax emulsifiers • Debrox, hydrogen peroxide

More Related