Open Access to Scholarly Communications: An Introduction

1. Open Access to Scholarly Communications: An Introduction OPEN ACCESS (OA) AND INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY (IR) : NEW MODELS FOR SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION Accra, Ghana June 2007

2. Overview of presentation • Background on OSI • Introduction to Open Access • Open Access Journals • Institutional Repositories • Support of Open Access

3. Open Society Institute • Private, grant-making foundation funded by George Soros • Programs in civil society, education, public health, media, legal and economic reform, information • Network of national foundations in 67 countries.

4. Information Program of OSI • Internet & Information Policy • ICT Toolsets • ICT’s for Civil Society • Intellectual Property Rights • Open Source • Open Access Project • supports eIFL (electronic information for libraries)

5. OSI’s Open Access Project • Projects supported: • tools (DOAJ, OpenDOAR) • guides (Guide to Open Access Publishing and Scholarly Societies, IR Software) • advocacy (Open Access News, SPARC) • research (Economics of OA) • conferences

6. Definition of open access In using the term 'open access', we mean the free availability of peer-reviewed literature on the public internet, permitting any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles.

7. Driving force behind open access • Goal of authors: communication of their scholarly work (all papers in all fields, interconnected and accessible from any researcher’s desk worldwide). • Current status: authors are not being paid for their work, yet the cost of many journals is so high that the authors’ institutions cannot afford to purchase the journal in which the article is printed.

8. Ultimate goal: Interconnected, available from Les Carr presentation @ ALPSP/OSI meeting

9. The literature as it is today: disjointed, inaccessible for the majority. from Les Carr presentation @ ALPSP/OSI meeting

10. Background to the Open Access Project To work towards a solution to the problems affecting access to scholarly journals, OSI held a meeting in Budapest in 2001 of leaders who are exploring alternative publishing models in the field of scholarly communications.

11. Background to the Open Access Program The participants concluded that open access was the goal and agreed on two main strategies for achieving it: 1. self-archiving (development of institutional repositories); 2. alternative (open access) journals.

12. Background to the Open Access Project These conclusions form the basis of the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI). OSI’s Open Access Project is based upon the principles of the BOAI.

13. Open access journals A journal which is freely available online worldwide and does not rely upon the traditional subscription based business model to generate revenue.

14. Open access journals • If they do not charge a subscription fee, how do they generate the funds necessary to publish the journal? • Open access journals employ a combination of new business models, among them:

15. Open access journals • Article processing fee: when a paper is accepted for publication in an open access journal, a fee is charged to the author’s institution/research grant, which covers the cost of peer review, online publication, etc.

16. Open access journals • Institutional membership: • Researchers from member institutions have the right to publish an unlimited number of research articles in the journal without paying the article processing fee. • BioMed Central pioneered this model: Harvard, Columbia, Czech Academy of Sciences, Debrecen University, & UK.

17. Open access journals • Hybrid model (Walker/Prosser): for conversion of subscription-based journal to open access. Authors would be presented with two options: • To pay an article processing fee – the paper is then made open access on publication. • Not to pay an article processing fee – the paper is only available to subscribers.

18. Business guides for open access journals • Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-based Journal to Open Access • Guide to Business Planning for Launching a New Open Access Journal • Model Business Plan: A Supplemental Guide for Open Access Journal Developers & Publishers

19. Publishers convert to open access • Oxford University Press – Oxford Open Journal of Nucleic Acids, Journal of Botany • Springer – Open Choice • Blackwell – Online Open • Elsevier – hybrid model for six Physics Journals • National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • Taylor and Frances, Wiley, Cambridge….too many to mention!!!!

20. New Open Access Journals • Public Library of Science • PLoS Biology • PLoS Medicine • 4 community journals • PLoS One • BioMed Central – over 150 journals • Bioline International – over 50 journals

21. Directory of Open Access Journals

22. Institutional repositories Publicly accessible repository (archive) where all the work published by researchers/authors affiliated with the university/academy can be posted online. Contributes to the status of the institution by displaying the intellectual output of the institution.

23. Institutional repositories All work is deposited in the repository by using interoperable software, which allows the works in the repositories to be searched and harvested. Such software is called Open Archives Initiative (OAI) compliant. Examples of OAI compliant software are DSpace, E-Prints, CDSware, i-Tor, and MyCoRe.

24. Institutional repository software

25. Economic Research • Access to Science: Exploring New Markets for Digital Journals • Professors Mark McCabe & Christopher Snyder • Recent article in Nature: “The best business model for scholarly journals: an economist's perspective” http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/28.html

26. Economic Research

27. Citation analysis

28. International Support of Open Access • BOAI, February 2002 • Bethesda Statement, April 2003 • Berlin Declaration, October 2003 & May 2004, February 2005, March 2006 • Wellcome Trust, October 2003, May 2005, 2006 • UK Parliamentary Inquiry, 2004 • Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers, 2005 • Research Councils UK, 2006 • Academy of Science of South Africa, 2006 • US Public Access to Federally Funded Research Act of 2006

29. Support of Open Access

30. Support of Open Access • Howard Hughes Medical Institute: Bethesda statement • Funders of biomedical research encourage/support their faculty/grant recipients to publish in open access journals • Agree to pay article processing fee • Definition of Open Access Publication • Guidelines for Institutions and Funding Agencies • Guidelines for Libraries and Publishers • Guidelines for Scientists and Scientific Societies

31. Support of Open Access • Wellcome Trust (UK) October 2003 Announcement: • will encourage and support the formation of open access journals and/or free-access repositories for research papers; • will cover the cost of publication charges by permitting Trust researchers to use contingency funds for this purpose. • 2005, 2006……?

32. Support of Open Access • Max Planck Society: Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, 22 October 2003, Berlin & 12-13 May 2004, CERN • Encourages and supports researchers and grant recipients to publish in open access. • Advocates for research published through open access to be recognized in promotion and tenure evaluation.

33. Support of Open Access • UK Parliamentary Inquiry: Science and Technology Committee, July 20, 2004 • Current model of scientific publishing is unsatisfactory • all UK higher education institutions establish institutional repositories & gov. funded researchers deposit a copy of all articles in repositories • strongly supports further experimentation with the author-pays publishing model – provides funding for transition • create a fund to help authors pay the article processing fees charged by open-access journals

34. Support of Open Access • UK Parliamentary Report, cont. • The OA journal publishing model would be extremely advantageous to researchers in developing countries. Financially, author charges would be less burdensome to researchers in the developing world than current subscription rates. If the OA journal model were to prevail, publishers, Government agencies, etc. would need to adapt existing schemes, such as HINARI, AGORA and INASP-PERI, to meet the demands of the altered cost recovery model

35. Support of Open Access • U.S. House Appropriations Committee, July 2004 • Proposal to mandate all research funded by National Institute of Health be made available through open access

36. Academy of Sciences of SA (1) • Report on a Strategic Approach to Research Publishing in South Africa:2006

37. Academy of Sciences of SA(2) • Recommendation No 6: that the Department of Science and Technology takes responsibility for ensuring that Open Access initiatives are promoted to enhance the visibility of all South African research articles and to make them accessible to the entire international research community. Specifically: • online, open access (“Gold route”) versions of South African research journals should be funded in significant part through a per-article charge system (linked in the case of higher education institutions to an agreed fraction of output publication subsidies, and in the case of other research- producing institutions to adapted budgeting practice),but publishers should still sell subscriptions to print copies and should maximise other sources of income to lower the article-charge burden;

38. Academy of Sciences of SA (3) • a federation of institutional Open Access repositories, adhering to common standards, should be established (“Green route”), with resources made available to help institutions in the preliminary stage, this virtual repository to be augmented by a central repository for those institutions which are unable to run a sustainable repository; • national harvesting of South African Open Access repositories should be undertaken as a matter of urgency, preferably by the NRF; • and the importance of affordable bandwidth for research communications for this purpose be drawn to the attention of DST officials negotiating for better rates.

39. Salvador Declaration on Open Access: The Developing Country Perspective

40. Additional information • Budapest Open Access Initiative: http://www.soros.org/openaccess/ • Directory of Open Access Journals: http://www.doaj.org/ • SPARC: http://www.arl.org/sparc • Public Library of Science: http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org • BioMed Central: http://www.biomedcentral.com • Open Archives Initiative: http://www.openarchives.org/ • SciX Project: http://www.scix.net/ • Project Romeo: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/ • Max Planck Society: http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/news0321.pdf • Wellcome Trust: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/awtvispolpub.html • UK Parliamentary Inquiry Report: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/39902.htm

41. Thank you. Susan Veldsman Program Manager Open Access Project susan.veldsman@eifl.net