1 / 35

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models. One-Dimensional Models Explain behavior in terms of a single cause Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach Tendency to ignore information from other areas.

jean
Download Presentation

Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 2An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

  2. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models • One-Dimensional Models • Explain behavior in terms of a single cause • Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach • Tendency to ignore information from other areas

  3. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models (continued) • Multidimensional Models • Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative • “System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering • Draws upon information from several sources • Abnormal behavior is multiply determined

  4. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior • Major Influences • Biological • Behavioral • Emotional • Social & Cultural • Developmental

  5. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology • Phenotype vs. Genotype • Nature of Genes • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The double helix • 23 pairs of chromosomes • Dominant vs. recessive genes • Development and behavior is often polygenetic • Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology • Less than 50%

  6. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects • Eric Kandel and Gene-Environment Interactions • The Diathesis-Stress Model • Examples: Blood-injury-injection phobia, alcoholism

  7. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects (continued) • Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model • Examples: Depression, impulsivity • Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior • Genes are not the whole story • Environmental influences may override genetics

  8. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology • The Field of Neuroscience • The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior • Branches of Human Nervous System • The Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Somatic and autonomic branches

  9. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System • The Neuron • Soma – Cell body • Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons • Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons • Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent • Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons

  10. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System (continued) • Neurons Operate Electrically, but Communicate Chemically • Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

  11. Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure • Two Main Parts • Brainstem and forebrain • Three Main Divisions • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain

  12. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain • Hindbrain • Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration • Pons – Regulates sleep stages • Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination • Midbrain • Coordinates movement with sensory input • Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

  13. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain (continued) • Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) • Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing • Two specialized hemispheres

  14. Major Structures of the Brain Fig. 2.6b1, p. 47

  15. Major Structures of the Brain Fig. 2.6b2, p. 47

  16. Neuroscience and Brain Structure • Lobes of Cerebral Cortex • Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory • Parietal – Touch recognition • Occipital – Integrates visual input • Temporal – Recognition of sights and sounds, long-term memory storage

  17. Neuroscience and Brain Structure (continued) • Limbic System • Thalamus – Receives and integrates sensory information • Hypothalamus – Eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity

  18. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Somatic Branch of PNS • Controls voluntary muscles and movement • Autonomic Branch of the PNS • Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches • Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature • Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion

  19. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems (continued) • The Endocrine System • Hormones • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) • Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

  20. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters • Functions of Neurotransmitters • Agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists • Most drugs are either agnostic or antagonistic

  21. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters (continued) • Main Types of Neurotransmitters • Serotonin (5HT) • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) • Norepinephrine • Dopamine

  22. Major Serotonin Pathways in the Brain Fig. 2.10, p. 51

  23. Manipulating Serotonin in the Brain Fig. 2.11, p. 52

  24. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology • Relations Between Brain and Abnormal Behavior • Example: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) • Psychosocial Influences • Can change brain structure and function

  25. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology (continued) • Therapy • Also can change brain structure and function • Medications and psychotherapy • Psychosocial Factors • Interact with brain structure and function

  26. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science • Conditioning and Cognitive Processes • Respondent and operant learning • Learned helplessness • Social Learning • Modeling and observational learning • Prepared learning

  27. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science (continued) • Cognitive Science and the Unconscious • Implicit memory • Blind sight • Stroop paradigm

  28. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology • The Nature of Emotion • To elicit or evoke action • Action tendency different from affect and mood • Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology

  29. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (continued) • Components of Emotion • Behavior, physiology, and cognition • Example of fear • Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation • Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and psychopathology

  30. Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition,and physiology Fig. 2.15, p. 62

  31. Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology • Cultural Factors • Influence the form and expression of behavior • Gender Effects • Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology • Social Effects on Health and Behavior • Frequency and quality important • Related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology

  32. Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology (continued) • Stigma of Psychopathology • Culturally, socially, and interpersonally situated

  33. Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology • Life-Span Developmental Perspective • Addresses developmental changes • Influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal • The Principle of Equifinality • From developmental psychopathology • Several paths to a given outcome • Paths vary by developmental stage

  34. Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology • Multiple Causation • Is the rule, not the exception • Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective • Biological • Psychological • Social, cultural, and developmental factors

  35. Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology (continued) • Comprehensive Approach • Understanding the causes of psychopathology • To best alleviate and prevent psychopathology

More Related