Teaching methods - Lecturing - Seminars Dr Mai Al-Maghtheh

1. Teaching methods- Lecturing- SeminarsDr Mai Al-Maghtheh

2. Overview / ice breaker • Context • Paradigm shift • Brief list of complex teaching approaches • Lecturing: • Transmission vs engagement lecture • Effective (interactive) lecturing • Alternative lecture types • Seminar teaching method

3. Teaching methods: context teaching learning

4. Quotes: • Every truth has four corners: as a teacher I give you one corner, and it is for you to find the other three. (Confucius ) • Teaching is truth mediated by personality. • Phyllis Brooks • The true teacher defends his pupils against his own personal influence. • A. Bronson Alcott

5. The Learning Paradigm and changing conceptions of teaching Instruction • Lecturer • Teaching • Input • Large group • Passive recipients • lecturing Learning • Students • Learning • outcomes • Small group • Active learners • Innovative methods

6. More on Current trends in teaching and learning • Input  outcomes • Content coverage  constructive alignment • Knowledge  skills in learning • Increased focus on evaluation of teaching • More sophisticated methodologies • Shift towards excellent/scholarly teaching Curriculum Resource Centre: Training Materials

7. Teaching- learning methods • Lecturing- (teaching paradigm) • Seminars • Complex teaching methods- Innovative (learning paradigm)

8. Teaching methods (John Biggs,1999) • “there may be endogenous limits to what students can do that are beyond any teacher’s control…… But there are learning-related aspects that are controllable. Capitalizing on them is what good teaching is about. • Good teaching is getting most students to use the higher cognitive level processes, that the more academic students use spontaneously. Good teaching narrows the gap.”

11. Complex teaching approaches • Collaborative learning methods • Individual learning methods • Critical thinking • Information literacy and IT based learning • Experiential learning • Community-based learning • Reflexive-learning approach • Inquiry-based learning, problem-based learning, research based learning • Integrative learning Curriculum Resource Centre: Training Materials

12. Why Lecturing??? • Activity, two groups: Pros and Cons of lecturing….

13. CONS: • transmission, • thought?, • values?, • skills?, • irrelevance, • anonymity, • attention span, • replaced by technology?…

14. PROS: • face-to-face with large group, • cost effective, • content, • scholarly mind • role model, • interests, • learn by listen, • orientation, • review, • particular type of learners….

16. Two models of lecturing (light and Cox): Transmission • detached persona • Lecturer agenda • Transferring information • Concern to get material “out” • Information • Monologue Engagement: • engaged persona • Learner agenda • Engaging minds (think) • Concern to get material ”in” • Understanding • Dialogue

17. How to make lectures effective / engaging • Lectures that engage effective processing • Interactive lecturing • Sustain student learning

18. How to make lectures effective: • Attention retention • Presentation skills • Structuring • Alternative lecture types • Ground rules • Overview/ review • Orientation • Briefing • Reduce student anonymity (personalize) • Flagging • Needs analysis • Brainstorming

19. Managing discussion in a large class • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=En-mpErJye4&feature=related • Eric Mazur shows interactive teaching (teaching physics) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wont2v_LZ1E • Active Learning Classrooms: Everyone is engaged (podium in the middle)! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7xidmVt0uE

20. Attention retention:A typical situation?

22. 15 min: 10% signs of inattention • 18 min: 1/3 of audience and 10% guests were fidgeting • 35 min: everyone was inaattentive • 45 min: Trance is more common • 47 min: some where asleep, and some were reading • 24 hrs check, insignificant amount of information was recalled…

23. Block of 1.5 hours lecture Attention Effective learning and processing Attention Attention Attention Activity Activity Effective learning and processing 3 Half hour blocks

24. Attention retention Short lectures with adequate breaks: • Activities involving students • (note taking, writing on board, …) • Partial handouts • Quiet time, e.g. completing notes, comparing notes • Questionnaire, checklist, or quiz to complete or to generate

25. Lecturer style (self- persona) • Some lecturers can inspire, provoke, stimulate…etc, others cannot!! • Lecturer must have public speaking skills • Lecturer highly engaged with learners

26. Lecturer Style • A quality of birth? • Can it be taught, or learned?..

27. What makes a good lecturer • Activity: try to remember one of your teachers that you think was distinguished…. • Are Great Teachers Born or Made? (3 min) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnT4KkT9Vbg • What makes great teachers great? (28 min, first 5 min are very good) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXaLGt460e4 • (Richard Gerver: author: “creating tomorrow’s schools today”

28. Presentation skills • Eye contact • Posture, movement • Appropriate posture, movement, gesture (1.confident 2. relaxed 3. varied 4. empathy…..)

29. Body language • involving the audience • Call students by their name (memorize names) • Visual aids • Voice and pacing

30. Lecturer style: Using visual images and other mnemonic techniques • Mental images, vivid examples • Visual images: graphs, figures, pictures, slides, films…etc. • Analogies (e.g. tables) • Dramatization: • e.g. personalisations, story, humour, movement, visuals… • Humour (jokes…) • Strategic placement of enthusiasm

31. Presenting information to engage students in effective processing (learning) • Well spaced repetitions of information within and across lectures. • Inducing encoding variability. • Interrogating for elaboration.

32. Structuring… • Cross-lecture structure • Within a lecture structure

33. Types of structuring: • Progressive structure (maths) • Chronological (history) • Smaller to larger (matter, chemistry, biology) • inside to outside (landscape, architect) • Simultaneous structure: (parallel issues, technology and ethics or phylosophy) • Etc…

34. Alternative lecture types • Team-teaching

35. Guest speakers

36. Role-play lectures [Neural fold acting (biology) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWcvyipTbLQ&NR=1] • Mini-lecture with student activities • [Implementing Interactive Activities in a Large Class to Build Community • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReefNPdZwVo&feature=related (large theatre)] • Guided lecture (study guide by lecturer, 2 chunks with activity in between)

37. Feedback lecture (25-30min, followed by small group work, reconstruction) • The responsive lecture (one lecture every 2-3 weeks to respond to questions) • Others…??

38. Other Lecturing tips: Ground rules (management styles): • implicit vs. explicit • Responsibility of lecture • Lecturer interruption • Students asking question • Attending lectures • (do as you preach!!)

39. Overview, review • Introduction lecture (week zero lecture) • Should be used to remind students through the course • End of term revision

40. Orientation: • -initial few miniutes (turn attention to subject) • Title or some key words on board or OHPs… • Students predict the main points of the session

41. Briefing Describes: • Sort of lecture • Sort of learning activity • Why rather than what going to say… (objectives)..

42. Flagging • Draw attention to particular tasks, activities,… • Break lectures into distinct sections. • Use a hook.

43. Needs analysis • Initial few minutes • gain as much information: • Students preparation • Not to test of student knowledge, rather encourage them to manage their learning…

44. Brainstorming • Useful to introduce topic • Response to a question • Elicit points • write on board

45. TEACHING PARADIGM------------------------------LEARNING PARADIGM Engagement smaller numbers Small group activities Other complex teaching approaches Small group, individual Dialogue, interaction…. Engaged persona Lecturing Spacing, short breaks Large numbers, tranmission, monologue…. Detached persona Conventional

46. ThAnKYoU

48. Content and structure • Subject matter in simple format (short sentences) • Material is structured Student group Learners are intrinsically motivated, with above average knowledge and intelligence.

49. Three primary features of a lecture Restricted lecture (transmission, monologic) Lecturer Material Student group Open/ engaged lecture (integration) Material (content-structure) Audience (student group) Lecturer (self/ persona, style) (Light and Cox)