Ch 28-1 “China Resists Outside Influence”

1. Ch 28-1“China Resists Outside Influence”

2. ETHNOCENTRISM Gobi Desert Great Wall Himalaya Mts. SELF-SUFFICIENT AND ADVANCED CULTURE…NO “NEEDS”!

3. Setting the Stage • Chinese looked down on all foreigners • 1793 – Qing Emperor agrees to receive an Ambassador from England • Brings gifts (clocks, globes, musical instruments, and a hot-air balloon) • Emperor was not impressed • Not interested in “strange objects” and gadgets from the West

4. China and the West • China was self-sufficient • Healthy agricultural economy (rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts) • Mining (salt, tin, silver, and iron) • Manufacturing (silk, high-quality cotton, and fine porcelain) • Only place westerners were allowed to do business was the southern port of Guangzho) • Europeans eventually found a product they would buy…

5. What are the Chinese willing to buy from Europe? • Opium - Narcotic made from the poppy plant • Chinese doctors used it to kill pain • Late 18th Century – British begin to smuggle opium into China for non-medical use • By 1835 as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted

6. Opium Opium is made from poppies British profit from selling to Chinese Traders took British made cloth to India They traded cloth for opium Opium exchanged for tea/silk in China Tea/silk shipped to England Chinese declare drug illegal

7. Opium War • Emperor Qing was angry and one of his advisors writes a letter to Queen Victoria • The pleas to stop the illegal opium trade are ignored • 1839 – Opium War • Battles took place mostly at sea • China’s outdated ships were no match for British steam-powered gunboats • 1842 – Treaty of Nanjing • Gave British the island off Hong Kong

8. Results of Treaty of Nanjing • British get Hong Kong

9. Extraterritorial Rights • 1844 – additional treaty gives U.S. and other foreign citizens extraterritorial rights • Not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other ports • Chinese resent foreigners and the trade in opium they conducted

10. Growing Internal Problems • Number of Chinese grew from 430 million in 1850, a gain of 30% in 60 years • Food production barely increased • Hunger was widespread • Opium addiction increased as people became discouraged

11. Taiping Rebellion • Taiping means “great peace” • Late 1830s – Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • All people would share wealth and no one would live in poverty • 1850s – massive peasant army of one million people • Took control of large areas of southeastern China

12. Taiping Rebellion(continued) • 1853 – Hong captures the city of Nanjing and declares it the capital • Hong gives family members and trusted lieutenants in charge of the government of his kingdom • Constantly feuded among themselves • Qing and British troops launch attacks • 1864 – combination of internal fighting and outside assaults brings down Taiping government • At least 20 million people die during the rebellion

13. Self-Strengthening Movement • 1862 – 1908 – Dowager Empress Cixi • Updated education, diplomatic service and military • Set-up factories to manufacture gunboats, rifles, and ammunition

14. Other Nations Step In • Many nations took advantage of China’s continuing problems • Attacked China • Treaty Negotiations gave other nations increasing influence over China’s economy • Many European nations and Japan gained a strong foothold in China • Sphere of influence – an area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

16. Other Nations Step In(continued) • Americans worried that other nations would divide China into formal territories • 1899- United States declares the Open Door Policy • China’s “doors” should be open to merchants of all nations • Britain and other nations agree • Protects U.S. trading rights and China’s freedom • Country still at the mercy of foreign powers

17. Open Door?

18. Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism • Chinese demanded change because of their loss of power • 1898 - Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China • Educational System • Strengthening the Economy • Modernizing Military • Streamlining Government

19. Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism(continued) • Most Qing officials saw these reforms as a threat of power • Called Dowager Empress back to the royal court • On her return she placed Guangxu under arrest, took control of government, and reversed reforms • No change occurred and the Chinese people continued to get frustrated

20. Boxer Rebellion FRUSTRATIONS RESULTS • Poor peasants and workers resented special privileges of foreigners • Resented Chinese Christians for adopting foreign faith • Formed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers) • Campaign against Dowager Empress became known as Boxer Rebellion

21. Society of Harmonious Fists Forming a secret society that practiced martial arts, their martial arts were called “boxing” by Americans and Europeans. They fought the Europeans, and put foreign areas of Chinese cities under sieges of up to a year.

22. Boxer Rebellion(continued) • Spring 1900 – Boxers invade Beijing • “Death to the foreign devils” • Kept European section of the city under attack for several months • Dowager Empress expressed support but did not provide military support • August 1900 – multinational force of 19,000 defeated Boxers in Beijing

23. Results of the Boxer Rebellion • Strong sense of nationalism emerged • Chinese people realized their country must resist more foreign intervention • Government must become more responsive to their needs

24. The Beginnings of Reform • 1905 – Dowager Empress sends a select group of Chinese officials on a world tour to study different governments • Japan, United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Italy • 1906 – officials return and recommended basing their government on the constitutional democracy of Japan • Change was slow

25. The Beginnings of Reform(continued) • 1908 – announcement that they would establish a full constitutional government by 1917. • China continued to experience unrest for the next 4 decades • Japan also experiences pressure from the West…

26. Opium War CAUSES: BRITAIN’S REFUSAL TO STOP OPIUM TRADE TO CHINA EFFECTS: Chinese defeated/humiliated Cession of Hong Kong to Britain Opium trade continues Extraterritorial Rights granted to foreigners Increased Chinese nationalism and resentment towards foreigners

27. Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan • CAUSES: • Poverty, hunger, and starvation • Discontent w/ gov’t corruption • Increasing opium addiction • Resentment of privileges given Christian missionaries • EFFECTS: • Failure after 10 yrs. of fighting • Restoration of Qing Dynasty to power • Destruction of Farmland by armies… • 20 million starve; poverty increases

28. Self-Strengthening Movement • CAUSES: • Need to modernize education & military • Finally supported by Empress • EFFECTS: • Ability to produce Chinese warships & • ammunition • Boost of Chinese morale • However, creation of military arsenal • run by foreigners Empress Cixi, Qing Dynasty

29. Open Door Policy • CAUSES: • China’s weak military, economy, & gov’t • Division of China into spheres of influence • USA fears China will become future colony of Britain…US business will be “locked out” • EFFECTS: • Protection of US trade interests • China remains free of colonization • Economic imperialism rather than spheres of influence in China

30. Boxer Rebellion • CAUSES: • Frustration over poor living conditions • Lack of successful gov’t reforms – Failure of the 100 Days of Reform • Resent of special privileges given to foreigners • EFFECTS: • Failure to bring about change • Increases sense of NATIONALISM • Qing Dynasty begins to take serious steps toward reform (Dynasty ends 1912)